The technical capability of different methods to diagnose Plasmodium in maternal peripheral blood, placenta, and umbilical cord blood has not been assessed in Colombia and seldom explored in other malaria-endemic regions. We designed a study to compare the technical and the operational-economical performances of light microscopy (LM), nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR), and histopathology (HP). In maternal blood, LM had 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity and in placental blood, 35% and 100%, respectively, compared with nPCR. In placental tissue, LM had 33% sensitivity and 95% specificity; and nPCR 47% and 77%, respectively; compared with HP. Light microscopy had the best operational-economical qualification. We concluded that nPCR and HP performed better compared with LM, but field implementation of these two techniques remains a problem. Therefore, LM is recommended as the gold standard for diagnosis of gestational malaria and placental blood infection in the field.
Objective. Selective IgA deficiency (sIgAD) is the most common primary immunodeficiency in Western countries. Patients can suffer from recurrent infections and autoimmune diseases because of a largely unknown aetiology. To increase insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, we studied memory B and T cells and cytokine concentrations in peripheral blood. Methods. We analysed 30 sIgAD patients (12 children, 18 adults) through detailed phenotyping of peripheral B-cell, CD8 + T-cell and CD4 + Tcell subsets, sequence analysis of IGA and IGG transcripts, in vitro B-cell activation and blood cytokine measurements. Results. All patients had significantly decreased numbers of T-cell-dependent (TD; CD27 + ) and T-cell-independent (TI; CD27 À ) IgA memory B cells and increased CD21 low B-cell numbers. IgM + IgD À memory B cells were decreased in children and normal in adult patients. IGA and IGG transcripts contained normal SHM levels. In sIgAD children, IGA transcripts more frequently used IGA2 than controls (58.5% vs. 25.1%), but not in adult patients. B-cell activation after in vitro stimulation was normal. However, adult sIgAD patients exhibited increased blood levels of TGF-b1, BAFF and APRIL, whereas they had decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers. Conclusion. Impaired IgA memory formation in sIgAD patients is not due to a B-cell activation defect. Instead, decreased Th1 and Th17 cell numbers and high blood levels of BAFF, APRIL and TGF-b1 might reflect disturbed regulation of IgA responses in vivo.These insights into B-cell extrinsic immune defects suggest the need for a broader ª immunological focus on genomics and functional analyses to unravel the pathogenesis of sIgAD.
La inmunoglobulina A (IgA) es el isotipo de anticuerpo más abundante en los humanos y fundamentalmente participa en la defensa contra las infecciones y el desarrollo de la tolerancia inmune en las mucosas. La deficiencia de IgA es la inmunodeficiencia más frecuente en humanos, pero comúnmente es asintomática y transitoria. Para diagnosticarla, se cuantifica la concentración de IgA en sangre y se evalúa la magnitud de su disminución. De acuerdo con esta evaluación se clasifica en deficiencia parcial (DPIgA) o deficiencia total (DTIgA). Adicionalmente, si solo se afectan los niveles de IgA sin alteraciones de otras inmunoglobulinas séricas como IgM e IgG o subclases de inmunoglobulina G, entonces se denomina como deficiencia selectiva de IgA (DSIgA). La deficiencia selectiva de IgA es de mayor relevancia clínica y considerada un error innato de la inmunidad, aunque su etiología aún es desconocida y clínicamente se asocia a infecciones de los tractos respiratorio y gastrointestinal, alergias y manifestaciones autoinmunes. Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos científicos en PubMed, Scopus, SciELO y Redalyc sobre la deficiencia selectiva de inmunoglobulina A, con el objetivo de realizar una revisión temática sobre las manifestaciones clínicas, el diagnóstico y el adecuado manejo clínico de los pacientes con esta inmunodeficiencia. Se propone un nuevo algoritmo clínico con el objetivo de mejorar el diagnóstico y brindar un adecuado manejo clínico de los pacientes con esta inmunodeficiencia. Un paciente con deficiencia selectiva de IgA se caracteriza por infecciones recurrentes de los tractos gastrointestinal y respiratorio, en asociación con manifestaciones alérgicas y autoinmunes en individuos mayores de cuatro años, con niveles de IgA sérica menores de 7 mg/dL y con niveles normales de IgG e IgM, y en quienes se hayan descartado defectos relacionados con los linfocitos T u otras causas de hipogammaglobulinemia. Con respecto al manejo clínico, se deben ajustar los esquemas de vacunación e implementar profilaxis antibiótica en las infecciones graves y recurrentes. Para mejorar el pronóstico se debe realizar una atención del paciente por un equipo médico interdisciplinario y un seguimiento continuo por un prolongado periodo de tiempo.
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