Arteriogenesis is a process by which a pre-existing arterioarterial anastomosis develops into a functional collateral network following an arterial occlusion. Alternatively activated macrophages polarized by IL10 have been described to promote collateral growth. This study investigates the effect of different levels of IL10 on hind-limb reperfusion and the distribution of perivascular macrophage activation types in mice after femoral artery ligation (FAL). IL10 and anti-IL10 were administered before FAL and the arteriogenic response was measured by Laser-Doppler-Imaging perioperatively, after 3, 7, and 14 d. Reperfusion recovery was accelerated when treated with IL10 and impaired with anti-IL10. Furthermore, symptoms of ischemia on ligated hind-limbs had the highest incidence after application of anti-IL10. Perivascular macrophages were immunohistologically phenotyped using CD163 and CD68 in adductor muscle segments. The proportion of alternatively activated macrophages (CD163+/CD68+) in relation to classically activated macrophages (CD163−/CD68+) observed was the highest when treated with IL10 and suppressed with anti-IL10. This study underlines the proarteriogenic response with increased levels of IL10 and demonstrates an in-vivo alteration of macrophage activation types in the perivascular bed of growing collaterals.