The newly operational JWST offers the potential to study the atmospheres of distant worlds with precision that has not been achieved before. One of the first exoplanets observed by JWST in the summer of 2022 was WASP-96 b, a hot-Saturn orbiting a G8 star. As part of the Early Release Observations program, one transit of WASP-96 b was observed with NIRISS/SOSS to capture its transmission spectrum from 0.6–2.85 μm. In this work, we utilise four retrieval frameworks to report precise and robust measurements of WASP-96 b’s atmospheric composition. We constrain the logarithmic volume mixing ratios of multiple chemical species in its atmosphere, including: H2O = $-3.59 ^{+ 0.35 }_{- 0.35 }$, CO2 = $-4.38 ^{+ 0.47 }_{- 0.57 }$ and K = $-8.04 ^{+ 1.22 }_{- 1.71 }$. Notably, our results offer a first abundance constraint on potassium in WASP-96 b’s atmosphere, and important inferences on carbon-bearing species such as CO2 and CO. Our short wavelength NIRISS/SOSS data are best explained by the presence of an enhanced Rayleigh scattering slope, despite previous inferences of a clear atmosphere — although we find no evidence for a grey cloud deck. Finally, we explore the data resolution required to appropriately interpret observations using NIRISS/SOSS. We find that our inferences are robust against different binning schemes. That is, from low R = 125 to the native resolution of the instrument, the bulk atmospheric properties of the planet are consistent. Our systematic analysis of these exquisite observations demonstrates the power of NIRISS/SOSS to detect and constrain multiple molecular and atomic species in the atmospheres of hot giant planets.
<p>The hot Jupiter exoplanet population is extremely diverse, spanning more than an order of magnitude in instellation, gravity, rotation period and atmospheric metallicity. As a new era of high-quality exoplanet observation fast approaches, with the coming James Webb Space telescope and Ariel missions providing wide wavelength coverage and ground-based telescopes supplying high resolution data, hot Jupiters will continue to be the best targets for atmospheric characterisation. A hierarchy of atmospheric models, from 1D radiative transfer codes coupled with advanced chemical networks up to 3D GCMs with complex treatment for atmospheric dynamics, have been used to model these planets, often trading modelling complexity for computational speed and cost. Yet, most of these planets are tidally locked and their atmospheres are intrinsically 3D, so they cannot be fully understood with 1D or 2D models. For example, predictions for the water feature strength observed in the HST/WFC3 bandpass vary drastically between 1D and 3D models, see Figure 1. This is increasingly prevalent at higher temperatures where strong day-side temperature inversions caused by TiO/VO may result in the feature being observed more strongly in emission than 1D models currently predict.</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2025 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.