Larval stage prediction model of Palabras claveApanteles sp.; estadíos larvales; ciclo de vida; parasitismo; Spodoptera frugiperda. ResumenS. frugiperda es un insecto polífago, voraz, que forma grandes poblaciones y tiene una alta tasa de dispersión, por lo que esta especie se considerada una plaga extremadamente peligrosa, siendo una de las más destructivas de América. Uno de los principales insectos que dañan al cultivo del higo encontrado en Costa Rica es S. frugiperda. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un modelo de predicción del estado larval de S. frugiperda y determinar a Apanteles sp. como su parasitoide, ambos colectados en el cultivo del higo. Para esto se realizó una colecta de huevos en higo y se estableció el pie de cría determinando el ciclo de vida en 38 días a 24 °C y 70% de humedad relativa, identificando al Lepidóptera como S. frugiperda. Posteriormente, se realizó una correlación de Spearman entre el número de huevos puestos por pareja y el número de huevos eclosionados siendo esta de 0,627; además, se determinó que existen diferencias significativas entre los estadíos larvales de acuerdo al tamaño, estableciendo un modelo de predicción de carácter cuadrático. Por último, se identifica a Apanteles sp. como un parasitoide para el cogollero del maíz encontrado en el cultivo del higo.

Blackberries are fruits produced worldwide, with 25 % of their production centered in Mexico, Central and South America. Tropical highland blackberry is a fruit that can potentially enhance human health, due to their high content in phenolic compounds, which include anthocyanins, phenolic acids, tannins (gallotannins and elagitannins) and flavonoids. Therefore, the overall aim of this study is the development of a callus induction protocol, the establishment of blackberry cell suspensions (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) and their cell analysis through optical microscopy and TEM, for the potential production of phenolic compounds. In order to produce callogenesis, segments of blackberry leaves were disinfected and placed in different concentrations of 2,4-D and the control media (0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 and 3.0 mg/l of 2,4-D); obtaining the higher size of calli in the medium with 1.5 mg/l of 2,4-D. After this determination, and for this specific treatment, a growth curve was performed through the use of fresh and dry weight parameters, in order to identify each of the growth stages. Furthermore, the calli obtained from the 1.5 mg/l of 2,4-D treatment were placed in two different culture media (MS and MS supplemented with 1.5 mg/l of 2,4-D) in order to establish the cell suspensions and the growth curve. To the best treatment, the total polyphenols were also quantified. It was determined that the MS medium is ideal for the growth and disintegration of the cell suspensions, obtaining 0.0256 mg of gallic acid/g of fresh sample. Finally, a cell callus and cell suspension analysis was performed through OM and TEM, evidencing a higher hystological differentiation in the calli, as well as the observation of antioxidant storage in the plastids.

Agro-industrial residues correspond to all the materials generated from activities that involve the transformation of both crops and livestock to obtain processed or semi-finished products. In Costa Rica, the primary sector of economy generates more than 6.3 trillion tons of organic residues per year. The daily generation of this residues pose environmental and economic problems. In recent years, biotechnological-based alternatives have emerged with the purpose of taking advantage of the high nutritional content of these residues to cultivate microorganisms capable of producing compounds with high demand at a commercial level. The present study evaluates six agro-industrial residues produced in Costa Rica, in order to growth Bacillus subtilis 168.  An optimization of the culture medium was carried out under a complete factorial design 23, where the variables evaluated were carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Molasses at 10% m/v, wheat bran at 0.5% m/v, and K2HPO4 at 0.01%, as a carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus sources, respectively, were identified as optimal for the growth of Bacillus subtilis 168.

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