We study maximal associative subalgebras of an arbitrary finite-dimensional associative algebra B over a field {\mathbb{K}} and obtain full classification/description results of such algebras. This is done by first obtaining a complete classification in the semisimple case and then lifting to non-semisimple algebras. The results are sharpest in the case of algebraically closed fields and take special forms for algebras presented by quivers with relations. We also relate representation theoretic properties of the algebra and its maximal and other subalgebras and provide a series of embeddings between quivers, incidence algebras and other structures which relate indecomposable representations of algebras and some subalgebras via induction/restriction functors. Some results in literature are also re-derived as a particular case, and other applications are given.

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