In Russia and globally, total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been increasingly performed. The high quality of implants, improvement of arthroplasty technologies, and accumulated practical experiences of surgeons did not considerably reduce the frequency of complications and unsatisfactory operative outcomes. The negative consequences of knee replacement are determined both intraoperatively and postoperatively. This review aimed to analyze the literature on the frequency and complications of knee arthroplasty and their causes in the long-term postoperative period. In recent decades, the number of patients who are not satisfied with TKA outcomes has been increasing. Moreover, information about complications, their frequency, their causes, and possibilities of preventing negative consequences remains contradictory. Surgical treatment of complications requires particular attention, with surgical site infections as the most common. Recent studies highlight the important of evaluating surgical site infections during and after TKA, especially for deep infectious complications after TKA, which leads to hospitalizations, and reoperations. To date, many studies have investigated early postoperative complications leading to negative consequences in the long-term postoperative period. In addition, in the absence of postoperative complications, the service life of the implant is limited, and unsatisfactory TKA outcomes were attributed to wear and tear of the endoprosthesis. Domestic and international studies about premature or unreasonable TKA, as one of the reasons for negative osteoarthritis treatment outcomes, are increasing. The discussion about the indications and contraindications for knee arthroplasty continues. This literature review discusses the current state of this topic.

BACKGROUND: Arthroscopy is one of the most popular techniques in traumatology and orthopedic practice. The development of the criteria for selection of patients and indications for knee arthroscopy should be carried out for the improvement of arthroscopic technology. It is important to develop safe and informative surgical access to intra-articular structures, optimize stages and techniques, minimize the complications of arthroscopic surgery. AIM: The publications describing results of knee arthroscopy in patients with knee osteoarthritis have been analyzed in the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic literature review has been conducted by searching in the Pub-Med/MEDLINE database and eLibrary. The search depth was 20 years; a keyword searching has been performed (including the keywords complications, indications/contraindications for arthroscopy). Possible relevant peri-, intra- and postoperative complications of knee arthroscopy are discussed. RESULTS: Knee joint arthroscopy is the treatment of choice for trauma, injury and orthopedic disease. However, arthroscopy of the knee joint does not always bring a positive effect. The number of negative consequences of this surgical intervention, according to the statistics, range from 0.1 to 2.6% of all cases of knee joint arthroscopy. Complications can be local and systemic and develop both in the early postoperative and in the long-term period after the operation. The review is devoted to the analysis of the data concerning the frequency and structure of knee arthroscopy complications in patients with osteoarthritis of knee joints. CONCLUSIONS: Intra- and postoperative complications of arthroscopic surgery of the knee joint include nerve and vascular lesions, port disposition, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, instrument breakage, and compartment syndrome associated with a defect in the joint capsule and leakage of irrigation fluid. In the postoperative period, complications such as hemarthrosis, thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection and synovial fistulas are possible. Complications of the late postoperative period of arthroscopic interventions are arthrofibrosis, Ahlbacks disease or aseptic osteonecrosis of the femur or tibia, as well as complex regional pain syndrome.

Osteoarthritis has the highest prevalence among the musculoskeletal diseases in all economically developed countries. Despite the improvement of diagnostic and treatment methods, the number of patients with osteoarthritis is increasing. The number of cases of newly diagnosed osteoarthritis, cases of disease progression and subsequent disability are also growing. There are many guidelines for treatment of osteoarthritis, however, specialists have no consensus, especially regarding the amount and duration of conservative therapy. The aim of the study was to analyze publications providing complex treatment options of hip osteoarthritis. A systematic literature review has been conducted by means of the open acccess Pub-Med/MEDLINE database and eLibrary search for the period until January 2022. The search depth was 20 years and was performed by keywords and phrases: hip joint osteoarthritis, conservative treatment, minimally invasive surgery, total hip arthroplasty. Unfortunately, the screening criteria for patients with osteoarthritis for total hip arthroplasty are not developed. The review analyzes the options of conservative therapy and minimally invasive surgical treatment for patients with osteoarthritis as the opportunity to avoid or delay the total hip replacement. The hip arthroplasty is not considered the gold standard; joint decision on surgery based on a comprehensive approach is made only when all the possibilities of conservative therapy are exhausted. It is widely believed that complex treatment using modern conservative and organ-preserving methods is the most common strategy for managing osteoarthritis of the hip joint. This approach improves clinical and functional condition of patients and slows down the progression of the disease.