The southern Namaqua shelf of the Benguela upwelling system, downstream of the Cape Columbine upwelling cell, is frequently subjected to a variety of harmful algal bloom (HAB) phenomena. Here, winds dictate most physical processes that are important to the development of HABs. Toxic algal cell concentrations and distributions, in relation to their respective toxin content, are compared over 2 autumn periods in successive years which exhibited clearly different wind patterns and hydrographic responses. During the first study period (15 March to 6 April 2005), several periods of relaxation from upwelling-favourable winds were associated with poleward nearshore currents and increasing levels of stratification. The phytoplankton community was dominated by dinoflagellates, including Dinophysis spp. and Protoceratium reticulatum, responsible for the production of toxins associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning and yessotoxins, respectively. In contrast, the subsequent study period (7 to 23 March 2006) was characterised by persistent upwelling-favourable winds, equatorward near-surface currents, and a cooler, moderately mixed water column. The phytoplankton assemblage was co-dominated by Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and Chaetoceros spp.; domoic acid concentrations corresponded closely with cell concentrations of Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Contrasting wind patterns, and their influence on water column structure and mesoscale circulation, led to predictably different assemblages of phytoplankton life-forms and their associated toxins.KEY WORDS: Southern Benguela · Upwelling · Harmful algal bloom · Diatom · Dinoflagellate · Algal toxins 348: 19-31, 2007 upwelling in the southern Benguela is highly seasonal due to shifts in the position of the South Atlantic High; the upwelling season extends from September to March, with upwelling reaching a maximum in the austral spring and summer (Nelson & Hutchings 1983). The present study focuses on the greater St. Helena Bay region, where the shelf broadens downstream of the Cape Columbine upwelling cell at 33°S (Fig. 1). This area is characterised by high phytoplankton biomass, as identified by remotely sensed chlorophyll data (Pitcher & Weeks 2006), and is particularly susceptible to the development of HABs during the latter half of the upwelling season, when the contribution of dinoflagellates to the phytoplankton community is greatest. The high productivity is a result of: (1) the periodic resupply of nutrients to the euphotic zone through upwelling; (2) the relative stability of the physical environment; and (3) retentive circulation in the region (Pitcher et al. 1992). Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog SerA conceptual model of red tide formation in St. Helena Bay has been presented by Pitcher & Nelson (2006). During upwelling, northward flow dominates and an equatorward coastal jet forms off Cape Columbine, where the shelf is narrow and steep (Nelson & Hutchings 1983). Under these conditions, a plume of cold water...

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BackgroundThe primary objective was evaluation of axillary ultrasound (AxUS) in preoperative staging of patients with invasive carcinoma undergoing breast‐conserving surgery.MethodsThis is a retrospective, observational cohort study of patients with clinically node‐negative (cN0) biopsy‐proven invasive breast carcinoma undergoing breast‐conserving surgery between January 2011 and December 2014 who underwent AxUS with fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of sonographically abnormal lymph nodes. Patient records were reviewed.ResultsA total of 713 cases were analysed. Four hundred and thirty‐three patients underwent formal preoperative AxUS; 100 underwent biopsy for abnormal findings. Of these, 32 had positive FNA biopsy result and underwent level II axillary dissection (axillary lymph node dissection (ALND)). Thirty were T1–2 tumours with AxUS scan/FNA demonstrating sensitivity of 25.2%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100% and negative predictive value of 76.6%. Forty‐six patients had a positive sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and axillary dissection. 34.8% of T1 tumours, 47.8% of T2 tumours and 100% of T3 tumours had further positive nodes. The average number of nodes involved per axilla was 1.8 for the T1 group, 4.1 for the T2 group and 4.6 in the T3 group. Macrometastases were a more common finding than micrometastases for all T stages undergoing ALND. A suspicious preoperative AxUS result was significantly associated with positive SLN. Other risk factors for positive SLN biopsy were oestrogen receptor positivity and lymphovascular invasion.ConclusionAxUS identifies patients with high nodal burdens justifying immediate ALND. AxUS did not adversely affect women with histologically negative sentinel nodes. Three percent may have been overtreated.