The review is devoted to the analysis of scientific publications, as well as regulatory legal acts and documents in the field of radioecology and radiation situation assessment in the Baltic Sea. To date, certain areas of the Baltic Sea are classified as environmentally unfavorable in terms of a number of harmful (polluting) substances that have a negative impact on the environment, including radiation conditions. The article deals with two main aspects of radioecology problems: international and regional (Russian) within the Baltic Sea. Potentially hazardous objects and the main radioecological problems that are relevant at this time and require scientific and practical solutions have been analyzed. The objects of negative impact in the course of the study were taken into account generally accepted four main components with different concentrations of pollutants: water, organisms and suspended organic matter, sediments and surface film. Having studied and analyzed the statistical data of scientific research using the methods of generalized data processing, systematization and comparative analysis, a general conclusion about modern approaches to assessing and predicting the radiation situation in the Baltic Sea has been drawn. In our opinion, improving the efficiency of systems for ensuring radioecological safety is relevant at the present time and requires a constant and comprehensive analysis of its state, which may allow timely assessment and forecasting of the radiation situation in the Baltic Sea. Secondly, it is necessary to combine the efforts of the scientific community, public organizations and practicing professionals of industrial corporations from all countries of the region, which will increase the level of environmental safety of the Baltic Sea.

The possibility of using various methods of biotesting together with chemical-analytical methods for the ecotoxicological assessment of waste from the oil industry (drilling sludge) and contaminated soil cover of objects of accumulated environmental damage located in the north-west of Russia is considered. Ecotoxicological studies by biotesting methods have been carried out using test organisms from different systematic groups. Conventional and proprietary biotesting methods were used. The proposed set of biotest systems for the purposes of environmental control of such objects along with chemical and analytical methods may increase the reliability of the research results.

The management of irradiated graphite waste continues to attract the attention of specialists from a number of related industries, in connection with the technical and economic component, along with the fact that solid radioactive waste entering the environment in the process of disposal acquires biogenic character. The environmental safety of solid radioactive waste management is associated with the possibility of biologically significant 14C to enter the human body. Resulting from the development of the nuclear industry, 14C has become one of the causes of global and local pollution. The consequences of thermonuclear explosions, operation of nuclear power plants, as well as nuclear fuel cycle enterprises, isotope production for the production of drugs labeled with 14C, research institutions are considered as sources of 14C. The world output of accumulated reactor graphite is estimated at 250,000 tons. In the Russian Federation, the total volume is approximately 60,000 tons of graphite. The share of accumulated irradiated graphite in Russia comprises 24% of the total volume of accumulated graphite. Having studied and analyzed the statistical data of scientific research, using the methods of generalized data processing, systematization and comparative analysis, we have taken the liberty to make a general conclusion about modern approaches and the relevance of solving the problem of SRW management on the example of the 14C radioactive isotope.