Hoary marmots (Marmota caligata) dig burrows in alpine meadows rich in forage as ready refuge from potential predators. Refuge burrows enable hoary marmots to engage in risk-sensitive foraging when they are away from more secure resting burrows on talus slopes. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) commonly excavate refuge burrows while hunting marmots, substantially changing the physical characteristics of the burrow by removing earthen material. However, it is not known if marmots continue to use excavated burrows as refuge. We opportunistically inspected 22 burrows excavated by grizzly bears for use by marmots at two sites in northwestern Canada. We found marmot feces at 10 of 22 excavated burrows, indicating that marmots continued to use these burrows after they were excavated by bears. While marmots may dig several refuge burrows in alpine meadows, and bears may substantially modify them while hunting marmots, our observations indicate that some excavated burrows retain value for foraging marmots. However, the extent of their utility is unknown. We postulate several reasons why hoary marmots may use excavated burrows and suggest avenues for further research.
We compared support for 3 hypotheses that might explain observed morphological variation among islands of 4 species of Caribbean land birds: ecological release from competition and predation pressure, predation pressure from 1 novel predator species (small Indian mongoose, Herpestes auropunctatus), and climate. We measured wing chord, tarsus length, bill length, and mass of Bananaquits (Coereba flaveola), Black-faced Grassquits (Tiaris bicolor), Lesser Antillean Bullfinches (Loxigilla noctis), and Common Ground Doves (Columbina passerina) in Grenada, 2015–2017, and combined these measures with data from 23 other Caribbean islands collated from academic papers and researchers, for a total sample size of 6,518 individuals. We found the strongest support for the ecological release hypothesis, but each of our hypotheses received some support, suggesting that ecological release from competition, predation pressure from mongoose, and climate may all interact to influence morphological adaptations of birds to local conditions in the Caribbean.
Grenada is a Caribbean island with a volcanic origin and relatively low avian species diversity, which may result in location-specific evolutionary pressures and thus locally adapted populations. Despite this, the morphology of most of its avian species has not been described. The aim of this study was to identify differences in the morphology of resident land birds on Grenada compared with other island and mainland areas. We collected morphological measurements of Bananaquits (Coereba flaveola), Black-faced Grassquits (Melanospiza bicolor), Lesser Antillean Bullfinches (Loxigilla noctis), and Common Ground Doves (Columbina passerina) in the field between 2015 and 2017, which we compared with data available from other locations (Venezuela and 23 other Caribbean islands) collated from academic papers and researchers. The morphology of Grenadian populations of our focal species differed from other islands in numerous ways; for example, Common Ground Doves had shorter wings and longer tarsi, and Bananaquits had longer tarsi, than most other populations. These characteristics are consistent with adaptations for increased generalist foraging on Grenada. Grenadian birds are significantly different morphologically from the majority of both insular and mainland conspecifics, emphasizing the need for further research and for the conservation and management of Grenada’s avian community. Keywords ecological release, Grenada, island biogeography, land birds, morphology Resumen Rasgos morfológicos de cuatro especies de aves terrestres en Granada • Granada es una isla del Caribe de origen volcánico y con una diversidad de especies de aves relativamente baja, lo que puede resultar en presiones evolutivas sitio-específicas y, por tanto, en poblaciones adaptadas localmente. A pesar de ello, no se ha descrito la morfología de la mayoría de sus especies de aves. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar diferencias morfológicas en las aves terrestres residentes de Granada en comparación con otras áreas insulares y continentales. Recolectamos medidas morfológicas de Coereba flaveola, Melanospiza bicolor, Loxigilla noctis y Columbina passerina en el campo, entre 2015 y 2017; las cuales comparamos con los datos disponibles de otras localidades (Venezuela y otras 23 islas del Caribe), obtenidos a partir de artículos académicos e investigadores. La morfología de las poblaciones granadinas de las cuatro especies focales se diferenció de las de otras islas en numerosos aspectos; por ejemplo, individuos de Columbina passerina tuvieron alas más cortas y tarsos más largos y los de Coereba flaveola tarsos más largos, que la mayoría de las otras poblaciones. Estas características son consistentes con adaptaciones para un forrajeo más generalista en Granada. Las aves de esta isla difieren significativamente desde el punto de vista morfológico a de la mayoría de sus conespecíficos insulares y continentales, lo que subraya la necesidad de seguir investigando y de conservar y manejar la comunidad de aves de Granada. Palabras clave aves terrestres, biogeografía de islas, Granada, liberación ecológica, morfología Résumé Caractéristiques morphologiques de quatre espèces d’oiseaux terrestres à la Grenade • La Grenade est une île caribéenne d’origine volcanique dont l’avifaune présente une diversité relativement faible, ce qui peut entraîner des pressions évolutives spécifiques à cette île et donc des adaptations locales des populations. Malgré cela, la morphologie de la plupart de ses espèces d’oiseaux n’a jamais été décrite. Le but de la présente étude était d’identifier des différences morphologiques entre les oiseaux terrestres sédentaires de la Grenade et ceux d’autres zones insulaires ou continentales. De 2015 à 2017, nous avons collecté sur le terrain des mesures morphologiques sur le Sucrier à ventre jaune (Coereba flaveola), le Sporophile cici (Melanospiza bicolor), le Sporophile rouge-gorge (Loxigilla noctis), et la Colombe à queue noire (Columbina passerina), que nous avons ensuite comparées aux données pour d’autres lieux (Venezuela et 23 autres îles de la Caraïbe) disponibles dans des articles universitaires et des publications scientifiques. La morphologie des populations grenadiennes des espèces étudiées différait de celle des oiseaux des autres îles à de nombreux égards. Ainsi, comparativement à la plupart des autres populations, les Colombes à queue noire présentaient des ailes plus courtes et des tarses plus longs, et les Sucriers à ventre jaune des tarses plus longs. Ces caractéristiques sont cohérentes avec des adaptations pour une recherche de nourriture plus généraliste sur la Grenade. Les oiseaux de la Grenade sont significativement différents sur le plan morphologique de la plupart de leurs congénères insulaires et continentaux, ce qui souligne la nécessité de poursuivre les recherches et d’assurer la conservation et la gestion de l’avifaune de l’île. Mots clés biogéographie insulaire, Grenade, morphologie, oiseaux terrestres, relachement écologique
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