A molecular mechanism to explain reduced KAI1 expression in invasive and metastatic tumour cells remains elusive. In this report, we extend an earlier study in bladder cells to confirm that a 76 bp region of the KAI1 promoter (residues À922 to À847), with binding motifs for p53, AP1 and AP2, is required for high level activity of a KAI1 reporter in prostate cancer cell lines. Gel shift and supershift experiments supported binding of p53, junB and heterodimers of AP2a/AP2c or AP2b/AP2c to this sequence. Introduction of mutations into specific motifs demonstrated an essential requirement for p53 and junB to reporter activity, and that functional synergy between these two factors enhanced activity. A further elevation of reporter activity required AP2. Roles of individual p53, junB and AP2 proteins, as well as functional synergy between p53 and junB, were confirmed in transfection experiments. Western blotting analysis showed that an absence of wild-type p53, and/or a loss of junB and AP2 protein expression, correlated with downregulation of KAI1 mRNA levels in a series of prostate cancer cell lines. A loss of p53 function and/or expression of junB, combined with reduced expression of specific AP2 proteins may underly downregulated KAI1 expression in tumour cells.

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