Brain development is largely shaped by early sensory experience. However, it is currently unknown whether, how early, and to what extent the newborn's brain is shaped by exposure to maternal sounds when the brain is most sensitive to early life programming. The present study examined this question in 40 infants born extremely prematurely (between 25-and 32-wk gestation) in the first month of life. Newborns were randomized to receive auditory enrichment in the form of audio recordings of maternal sounds (including their mother's voice and heartbeat) or routine exposure to hospital environmental noise. The groups were otherwise medically and demographically comparable. Cranial ultrasonography measurements were obtained at 30 ± 3 d of life. Results show that newborns exposed to maternal sounds had a significantly larger auditory cortex (AC) bilaterally compared with control newborns receiving standard care. The magnitude of the right and left AC thickness was significantly correlated with gestational age but not with the duration of sound exposure. Measurements of head circumference and the widths of the frontal horn (FH) and the corpus callosum (CC) were not significantly different between the two groups. This study provides evidence for experience-dependent plasticity in the primary AC before the brain has reached full-term maturation. Our results demonstrate that despite the immaturity of the auditory pathways, the AC is more adaptive to maternal sounds than environmental noise. Further studies are needed to better understand the neural processes underlying this early brain plasticity and its functional implications for future hearing and language development. auditory | brain | mother's voice | heartbeat | preterm newborns

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a common disorder among premature infants associated with significant morbidity. The current standard of care includes laser ablation therapy when needed. While intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections have emerged as a new therapy for ROP, so have concerns about the systemic effects of the bevacizumab (Avastin), specifically on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Purpose: To review the current literature on the impact of IVB on neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates with ROP to inform nurses' knowledge and practice. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, and Embase databases. Eleven primary studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes related to IVB were identified and reviewed. Results: Limitations of current studies, including small sample sizes, retrospective analysis subject to selection bias, and confounding factors such as sedation/anesthesia exposure, prevent robust conclusions from being drawn. However, there is not currently any clear evidence of negative neurodevelopmental impacts associated with IVB despite a sound theoretical basis for concern. Implications for Practice: Nurses should include all known and potential risks and benefits when counseling families and developing individualized plans of care for their neonatal patients with ROP. Implications for Research: Well-designed, prospective studies examining neurodevelopmental outcomes at later time points are needed to conclusively support or disprove results of IVB therapy for ROP in the context of potential adverse effects.