The sustainability of shifting cultivation is presently a topic of debate in scientific and institutional communities; however, there is no current consensus. To address this debate, we performed a search of the pertinent literature that was published during the last 30 years on the impact of shifting agriculture on tropical soils. This search revealed that the nature of the impact depends on the shifting cultivation system (SCS) phase (conversion, cultivation, or fallow) and on the soil properties (physical, chemical, and biological). We also suggest soil quality indicators for evaluating this agricultural practice in tropical forests, which may be used as a basis for analyses on the tendencies of conservation and degradation of impacted soils. Future research should improve the choices of these indicators, relying mostly on practical criteria, so they can be used by shifting cultivators.
The forest cultivation system (slash‐and‐burn or shifting cultivation) has contributed to the transformation of social systems since the early Neolithic period. Despite being considered by conservationists and public policymakers as a system of low productivity that generates environmental degradation and contributes to the maintenance of rural poverty, the shifting cultivation system (SCS) is being declared a practice that is highly ecologically and economically efficient. Such dichotomy of opinions is the consequence of the disparate results of studies assessing the effects of SCS on soil properties of rainforests throughout the last three decades. To circumvent this apparent inconsistency, we used a systematic quantitative review method (meta‐analysis), with the objective of integrating and synthesizing the data published in the literature to assess the overall effects of SCS on soil chemical properties. Four variables traditionally assessed in primary studies were chosen for the meta‐analyses: pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), total carbon (Total C) and total nitrogen (Total N). Our results show that pH values increase under SCS conditions, while Total N and C content are significantly reduced under SCS. No significant impacts are observed on CEC. Our results on pH and CEC support the position from researchers who argue for the sustainability of SCS and highlight the importance of evaluating the soil system as a soil/vegetation complex. Also, our results indicate that soil chemical properties under SCS scenarios are better conserved and more readily recoverable, provided there is a rather longer fallow period than has been traditionally employed.
O sistema agrícola itinerante (SAI), uma das formas mais antigas de agricultura, ainda é praticado pelas comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira-SP, mesmo que venha sendo parcialmente substituído pela agricultura permanente e comercial em monocultivo de pupunheira para palmito. Este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade entre os diferentes sistemas de cultivo, discutindo os motivos e impactos desta transição e sua sustentabilidade, assim como os impactos econômicos para as comunidades. Na metodologia foram utilizados: itinerário técnico, entrevistas semiestruturadas, visitas a campo e cálculo do valor agregado líquido. Com relação à rentabilidade dos diferentes sistemas (itinerante e permanente) a agricultura permanente se mostrou mais eficiente em termos de renda e no uso do trabalho, do que o SAI. Entretanto, o SAI desempenha um papel não só de produção de alimentos, mas também como parte de um complexo de relações socioambientais.
RESUMO -O cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum, Sterculiaceae) é uma frutífera da Amazônia usada na fabricação de sucos, sorvetes, doces e chocolate. A sua popularidade vem aumentando e atualmente é considerada uma das culturas mais lucrativas da região Amazônica. O cupuaçu é uma espécie predominantemente alógama e muitas flores não chegam a dar frutos mesmo quando polinizadas com póíen compatível. A taxa de polinização natural é baixa (estimado em 1,6% para pístílos polínízados com mais de 60 grãos de pólen). No presente trabalho, foram estudados alguns aspectos da sua polinização. Polinizações manuais foram feitas próximo à antese (entre 17-18:00 h) e na manhã seguinte após a antese, da seguinte maneira: retiraram-se três estaminódios da flor que iria ser polinizada para facilitar o acesso ao pistilo; da flor doadora de pólen retirou-se um estame, cujas anteras foram passadas nos braços estigmáticos. O maior êxito foi obtido nas polinizações feitas próximas à antese, atribuído ao maior número de grãos depositados durante as polinizações. Polinizações controladas entre plantas compatíveis mostraram que as flores que receberam 60 grãos de pólen tiveram 20% de probabilidade de formar fruto; as flores que receberam mais de 400 grãos de pólen, sempre formaram mitos. O uso de polinização manual aumentou o número de frutos maduros colhidos. O número de sementes nos frutos derivados de polinização natural e manual foi similar. A polinização manual poderá ser utilizada tanto no melhoramento como para aumentar a produtividade dos cupuaçuzeiros que estejam com problemas de polinização.Palavras chaves: Theobroma grandiflorum, cupuaçu, polinização manual. Hand Pollination of Cupuassu Trees (Theobroma grandiflorum).ABSTRACT -Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum, Sterculiaceae) is an Amazonian tree whose fruits are used to make juice, ice-cream, candies and chocolate. It has gained popularity recently and is considered one of the most profitable crops in the Amazon region. The species is predominantly allogamous and many flowers do not set fruit, even when pollinated with compatible pollen. The rate of natural pollination is low (estimated at 1.6% for pistils pollinated with more than 60 pollen grains). In the present work, some aspects of its pollination were studied. Hand pollination was performed close to anthesis (between 17-18:00 h) and on the morning following anthesis, in the following way: three staminodes of the flower to be pollinated were removed to allow access to the pistil; a stamen was then taken from the donor flower with a pair of tweezers and its anthers were brushed against the stigmatic branches of the receptor flower. Best results with hand pollination were obtained with recently opened flowers and attributed to a high deposition of pollen grains. Controlled pollinations between compatible plants, using a variable number of pollen grains, showed that flowers that received 60 pollen grains had a 20% probability to set fruit; flowers that received more than 400 pollen grains always set fruit. Hand pollination incre...
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