This paper will discuss evidence which supports a link between 'side locked' migraine (SLM) and the trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs). Recent papers brought strictly unilateral primary headaches into focus, proposing new classification and discussing pathophysiological mechanisms. We reviewed those proposals and present evidence that SLM falls in between the well-defined TACs and side shifting migraine (SSM). It is difficult to differentiate SLM from the recently proposed headache subtype called hemicrania generis incerti (i.e. hemicrania continua unresponsive to indomethacin). We also present cases that may exemplify the considerations made in the paper.

-Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania (EPH) is a rare disorder characterized by frequent, daily attacks of short-lived, unilateral headache with accompanying ipsilateral autonomic features. EPH has attack periods which last weeks to months separated by remission intervals lasting months to years, however, a seasonal variation has never been reported in EPH. We report a new case of EPH with a clear seasonal pattern: a 32-year-old woman with a right-sided headache for 17 years. Pain occurred with a seasonal variation, with bouts lasting one month (usually in the first months of the year) and remission periods lasting around 11 months. During these periods she had headache from three to five times per day, lasting from 15 to 30 minutes, without any particular period preference. There were no precipitating or aggravating factors. Tearing and conjunctival injection accompanied ipsilaterally the pain. Previous treatments provided no pain relief. She completely responded to indomethacin 75 mg daily. After three years, the pain recurred with longer attack duration and was just relieved with prednisone. We also propose a new hypothesis: the EPH-cluster headache continuum.KEY WORDS: episodic paroxysmal hemicrania, chronobiological dysfunction, EPH-cluster headache continuum. Hemicrânia paroxística episódica com variação sazonal: relato de caso e hipótese do continuum HPEcefaléia em salvasRESUMO -A hemicrânia paroxística episódica (HPE) é um tipo raro de cefaléia em que ocorrem breves episódios de intensa cefaléia hemicrânica, recorrendo várias vezes por dia e acompanhada de sinais autonômicos ipsilaterais. Estas dores se repetem, em geral, por períodos sintomáticos que duram de semanas a meses, separados por intervalos assintomáticos de meses a anos; no entanto, uma variação sazonal nunca foi relatada nesses casos. Descreveremos um caso de HPE com um nítido padrão sazonal. Trata-se de mulher de 32 anos, que referia dor hemicrânica à direita, mas principalmente periorbitária, em queimação, há 17 anos. A dor sempre ocorria durante 1 mês e com intervalos assintomáticos de 11 meses. Durante períodos sintomáticos a dor ocorria de 3 a 5 vezes por dia, com duração de 15 a 30 minutos, sem horário preferencial. Em 30% dos ataques apresentava lacrimejamento e congestão conjuntival. Não havia fatores desencadeantes ou de piora. No momento do exame, a paciente queixava-se da dor há 20 dias. O exame neurológico era normal. A tomografia de crânio, normal. Após a introdução de indometacina a paciente referiu desaparecimento da dor em 48 horas. Após três anos, a dor recorreu com duração mais longa e foi aliviada apenas com prednisona. Também propomos uma hipótese: o continuum EPH-cefaléia em salvas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: hemicrania paroxística episódica, disfunção cronobiológica, continuum HPE-cefaléia em salvas. Episodic paroxysmal hemicrania (EPH) is a rare disorder characterized by frequent, daily attacks of short-lived, unilateral headache with accompanying ipsilateral autonomic features. These headaches occur, in general, for many year...

The association of chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and ticlike pain-chronic paroxysmal hemicrania-tic (CPH-tic)-is a recently described syndrome. The authors found only two previously reported cases. They report three new cases of this rare syndrome with both chronic paroxysmal hemicrania and ticlike pain concurrently and ipsilaterally. The trigeminal-autonomic cephalalgias (TAC) are considered as differential diagnoses. CPH-tic syndrome could be a different clinical entity.

Objective:Rare disease Background:Cocaine abuse is a globally recognized problem with great socioeconomic and health impacts on society. We report a case of dissection of vertebral arteries and right renal artery after cocaine abuse that clinically presented as atypical headache and hypertension. Case Report:A 36-year-old male sought emergency care due to cervical pain after cocaine abuse. The pain was located to the right cervical side with irradiation to the homolateral temporal region. He had no previous comorbidities, except for cocaine abuse on a weekly basis. Angiotomography showed alterations compatible with recent arterial dissection of the right vertebral artery, confirmed on angioresonance. The patient received double antiaggregation and antihypertensive drugs and was discharged. He was readmitted 5 days later due to hypertensive crisis and mild abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound with a Doppler of renal arteries showed signs right renal artery stenosis. Magnetic resonance angiography confirmed dissection of the same vessel. The patient underwent arteriography with stent implantation in the right renal artery. During outpatient follow-up, he progressed with gradual reduction of antihypertensive drugs. Conclusions:There is only 1 case report correlating renal artery dissection with cocaine use and none with concomitant presentation of dissection in the vertebral and renal arterial beds. The scarcity of reports is a consequence of many problems. Therefore, young patients presenting with new-onset hypertension or abdominal pain and cocaine abuse history should raise suspicion for renal artery dissection.