The paper aims to present a critical analysis of the phenomenon and notion of exceptionalism in bioethics. The authors demonstrate that exceptionalism pertains to phenomena that are not (yet) entirely familiar to us and could potentially bear risks regarding their regulation. After an overview of the state of the art, we briefly describe the origins and evolution of the concept, compared to exception and exclusion. In the second step, they look at the overall development debates on genetic exceptionalism, compared to other bioethical debates on exceptionalism, before presenting a detailed analysis of a specific case of early regulation of genetic screening. In the last part, the authors explain the historical background behind the connection between exceptionalism and exclusion in these debates. Their main conclusion is that while the initial stage of the discussion is shaped by the concept of exceptionalism and awareness of risks of exclusion, the later development centers around exceptions that are needed in detailed regulatory procedures.

The present paper is a preliminary approach to the question of the applicability of Hannah Arendt's ideas on tradition and nihilism to the analysis of contemporary radical conservatism. For this purpose, I examine Arendt's essays of the 1940s and 1950s which shed light on the origins of the European conservatism crisis, and the difference between traditionalist and anti-traditionalist thinking. These arguments on the nihilistic aspects of radical conservatism, which legitimizes itself by appealing to a crisis of tradition, illustrate the shortcomings of Karl Mannheim's analysis of conservatism and traditionalism. In order to complement Arendt's rather fragmentary concept of conservatism, I use the definitions of adjectival and nominal conservatism to define the key differences between genuine conservatism and radical conservatism (pseudo-conservatism). Based on the analysis of the past, I address the question of why Arendt is important to the understanding of contemporary pseudo-conservatism, including its historical origins, self-description, and key instruments. Lastly, I explain why, together with Arendt, we should choose a broader perspective by focusing on analyzing the crisis of judgement in the public sphere and the resulting distortion of the ideas of tradition and dialogue, rather than simply describing contemporary radical conservatism as the spiritual successor to National Socialism.

Abstract:The main goal of our paper is to analyze Arendt's idea of the influence of revolutions on the public real by examining its theoretical and practical scope. In the course of our analysis, we will also answer the question whether Arendt's understanding of revolution could be used in the modern context. After a critical investigation of Arendt's idea of revolution and of her thesis about the impact of revolution on the public realm, we will briefly investigate several examples of modern revolutions from an 'Arendtian' standpoint in order to draw a conclusion about the current applicability of Arendt's key arguments concerning violence, power, social issues, collective political action and communication.Keywords: Revolution; Public realm; Violence; Social question; Communication.Resumo: O objetivo principal de nosso trabalho é analisar a ideia de Arendt sobre a influência das revoluções no âmbito público, examinando seu alcance teórico e prático. No curso de nossa análise, também responderemos à questão sobre a aplicabilidade da concepção de Arendt sobre revolução no contexto moderno. Depois de uma investigação crítica da ideia de revolução de Arendt e de sua tese sobe o impacto da revolução no âmbito público, investigaremos brevemente vários exemplos de revoluções modernas a partir do ponto de vista arendtiano para chegarmos a uma conclusão sobre a aplicabilidade atual dos argumentoschave de Arendt sobre violência, poder, questões sociais, ação política coletiva e comunicação. Palavras-chave:Revolução; Espaço Público; Violência; Questão Social; Comunicação.Resumen: El objetivo principal de nuestro trabajo es analizar la idea de Arendt sobre la influencia de las revoluciones en el ámbito público, examinando su alcance teórico y práctico. En el curso de nuestro análisis, también responderemos a la pregunta si la comprensión de Arendt de la revolución podría ser utilizada en el contexto moderno. Después de una investigación crítica de la idea de revolución de Arendt y de su tesis sobre el impacto de la revolución en el ámbito público, brevemente investigaremos varios ejemplos de las revoluciones modernas desde el punto de vista arendiano para llegar a una conclusión sobre la aplicabilidad actual de los argumentos clave de Arendt sobre violencia, poder, asuntos sociales, acción política colectiva y comunicación.

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Настоящая статья посвящена анализу и опровержению пяти ключевых аргументов современных противников антропологического подхода к философии Ницше: argumentum ad nomen, связанного с вопросом о терминологии, argumentum ad hominem, отсылающего к тезису Фуко о ницшевском преодолении четвертого кантовского вопроса, argumentum ad methodum, приводящегося в обоснование идеи о неантропологическом характере ницшевской критики антропологий XVIII-XIX вв., argumentum ad traditio-traditio-traditionem, исключающего Ницше из антропологической традиции европейской философии, а также argumentum ex negativo, указывающего на продуктивность антиантропологического направления интерпретации его идей. Разбор первых трех аргументов производится из перспективы контекстного анализа афоризмов и черновых фрагментов Ницше. В свою очередь, для опровержения последних двух доводов приводятся отсылки к вышедшим и неопубликованным текстам М. Шелера, Г. Плеснера и М. Фуко.