This article describes and analyzes a highly significant archaeological context discovered in a late Paracas (400–200 BCE) sunken patio in the monumental platform mound of Cerro Gentil, located in the Chincha Valley, Peru. This patio area was used for several centuries for ritual activities, including large-scale feasting and other public gatherings. At one point late in this historical sequence people deposited a great deal of objects in what is demonstrably a single historical event. This was quickly followed by a series of minor events stratigraphically immediately above this larger event. This entire ritual process included the consumption of liquids and food, and involved the offering of whole pottery, pottery fragments, botanical remains, bone, lithics, baskets, pyro-engraved gourds, mummies, and other objects. We interpret these events as an “abandonment ceremony” or “termination ritual” during the late Paracas period, one that may have lasted for weeks or even months. The subsequent Topará occupation at the site (ca. 200 BCE- AD 100) involved the architectural enhancement of the mound area, but the pattern of use of the patio itself ended. Such a termination ritual signals a reorganization in the regional political structure of Paracas society.

En este artículo, presentamos una síntesis de las principales evidencias arqueológicas recolectadas durante nuestras tres últimas temporadas de investigación en el sitio de Cerro del Gentil, ubicado en el valle medio de Chincha, costa sur del Perú. A partir de estas evidencias, planteamos una serie de prácticas sociales que se habrían dado en este sitio y sus implicancias para la explicación de las ocupaciones humanas asociadas con las tradiciones Paracas y Topará en el valle de Chincha entre los siglos VI y II a.C.

RESUMENEn este artículo se describe el hallazgo de una ofrenda extraordinaria depositada en las capas finales de enterramiento ritual del patio hundido del edificio principal Paracas de Cerro del Gentil, ubicado en el valle medio de Chincha, costa sur del Perú. Por su excelente estado de preservación y la calidad de los elementos que la integraban, esta ofrenda nos permite adentrarnos en las prácticas rituales desarrolladas en el contexto de una actividad de suma importancia para los usuarios del edificio de Cerro del Gentil justo antes de su abandono durante el III siglo antes de Cristo. ABSTRACTThis paper describes the finding of an extraordinary offering deposited in the final layers of ritual entombment of the sunken patio of the main Paracas building in Cerro del Gentil, located in the mid-valley of Chincha, peruvian southern coast. Because to its excellent state of preservation and the high quality of the elements that constituting this offering, it allows us to delve into the ritual practices developed in the context of an activity of utmost importance to the users of the Cerro del Gentil building just prior to its abandonment during the III century before Christ.

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Physicochemical water quality index, a management tool for tropical-flooding lagoons. We propose ICA-L, a wetland physicochemical water quality index (WWQI), to be used as a management tool for seasonal-flooding lagoons in Palo verde National Park, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The goal is to preserve their natural role for native plants as well as migrants and local animal species. The index was developed in four steps: parameter selection, assignment of parameter weight, transformation of data to their corresponding sub indices and selection of an appropriate aggregation function. In this process, the following criteria were used as a reference: WQI from the National Sanitation Foundation, WQI for the Des Moines River, Escribano and De Frutos WQI, the international legislation on maximum acceptable concentration for different water quality variables, and the authors' personal criteria. The index includes the following parameters: dissolved oxygen percent saturation, pH, nitrate concentration, total phosphorus concentration, chemical oxygen demand, concentration of suspended solids, electrical conductivity and temperature. The index sets itself to zero if the concentration of some toxic substance exceeds the maximum allowed limit. The adjustment values were based on "weights" defined in the National Sanitation Foundation Water quality Index (ICA-NSF). In this study, the weight of fecal coliforms count was excluded, the values of turbidity and the one for total solids were integrated into one (suspended solids) and a factor of 0.08 was assigned to the conductivity parameter. The sub indices associated to suspended solids were obtained from the quality of Kahler-Royer variation graph; the values for pH and the nitrate concentration from the graphs constructed for ICA-NSF. The percentage of dissolved oxygen saturation, in sites like irrigation channels, was evaluated directly from the quality variation graph constructed for ICA-NSF, whereas the same parameter for the flooding lagoons required an adjustment based on the optimal value for similar non contaminated ecosystems. The conductivity was evaluated from adjustments in the qualification functions commented by Escribano & De Frutos. Chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus and temperature, were qualified based on the functions developed for the ICA-L.