Strenuous exercise triggers deleterious effects on the intestinal epithelium, but their mechanisms are still uncertain. Here, we investigated whether a prolonged training and an additional exhaustive training protocol alter intestinal permeability and the putative effect of alanyl-glutamine (AG) pretreatment in this condition. Rats were allocated into 5 different groups: 1) sedentary; 2 and 3) trained (50 min per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks) with or without 6 weeks oral (1.5 g/kg) AG supplementation; 4 and 5) trained and subjected to an additional exhaustive test protocol with or without oral AG supplementation. Venous blood samples were collected to determine gasometrical indices at the end of the 12-week protocol or after exhaustive test. Lactate and glucose levels were determined before, during, and after the exhaustive test. Ileum tissue collected after all experimental procedures was used for gene expression analysis of Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-2, and oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT-1). Intestinal permeability was assessed by urinary lactulose/mannitol test collected after the 12-week protocol or the exhaustive test. The exhaustive test decreased pH and base excess and increased pCO 2. Training sessions delayed exhaustion time and reduced the changes in blood glucose and lactate levels. Trained rats exhibited upregulation of PEPT-1, ZO-1, and occludin mRNA, which were partially protected by AG. Exhaustive exercise induced intestinal paracellular leakage associated with the upregulation of claudin-2, a phenomenon protected by AG treatment. Thus, AG partially prevented intestinal training adaptations but also blocked paracellular leakage during exhaustive exercise involving claudin-2 and occludin gene expression.
The quadrotors have been widely used in a number of applications, and studies on them are expanded. The monitoring of the energy availability of four-cylinder batteries is carried out based on knowledge related to the discharge curve of these energy storage devices. This work presents the application of structures of linear parametric models of the theory of systems identification, , with the objective of identifying the mathematical model that best represents the dynamics of discharge of batteries used in Rolling Spider quadrotors. The ARX, ARMAX, and BJ model structures were applied from data collected in real experiments. The models were implemented with the aid of the computational tool ident, present in Matlab/Simulink software. The results obtained prove that the parametric models used are effective to describe the discharge profile of the batteries used, and the BJ model presented a better result when compared to the other models. Resumo: Os quadrirotores tem sido largamente utilizados em diversas aplicações, fazendo com que os estudos acerca destes sejam expandidos. O monitoramento da disponibilidade energética das baterias dos quadrirotoresé realizado com base em conhecimentos relacionados a curva de descarga desses dispositivos armazenadores de energia. Este trabalho apresenta a aplicação de estruturas de modelos paramétricos lineares da teoria de identificação de sistemas, com o objetivo de identificar o modelo matemático que melhor representa a dinâmica de descarga de baterias utilizadas em quadrirotores Rolling Spider. Foram aplicadas as estruturas de modelos ARX, ARMAX, e BJ a partir de dados coletados em experimentos reais. Os modelos foram implementados com o auxílio da ferramenta computacional ident, presente no software Matlab/Simulink. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que os modelos paramétricos utilizados são eficazes para descrever o perfil de descarga das baterias utilizadas, sendo que o modelo BJ apresentou um melhor resultado quando comparado com os demais modelos.
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