This study was conducted in Brazil in order to assess the potential risk posed by gene escape from transgenic into non-transgenic plants and wild populations. A new methodology was applied to evaluate the gene flow between common bean cultivars, by means of a specially delineated experiment in two stages. The first stage consisted of the planting of one cultivar with violet flowers (BB) as pollen source ('Diamante Negro'), and a receiver ('Talismã ') with white flowers (bb), at different distances. The source was sown in the center of the area. The pollen receiver cultivar was sown, in concentrical squares around it. At maturity, the rows were sampled at varied distances from the source in the four cardinal directions. In the second stage, the sampled seeds of the previous stage were sown, and the percentage of outcrossing was evaluated during flowering through the presence of violet flowers (Bb). The highest frequency of natural hybrids, 0.136%, occurred at a distance of 0.5 m between the cultivars. The natural outcrossing rate was practically zero beyond a distance of 3.25 m.
Differentiation of coffee according to its quality can result in added value. Both the coffee genotype and the environment influence beverage quality. The main species grown in the Amazon region is C. canephora, which includes two distinct botanical varieties: Conilon and Robusta. The aim of this study was to characterize beverage quality in C. canephora and distinguish the Conilon and Robusta botanical varieties and intervarietal hybrids. We evaluated the beverage quality of 130 superior clones from samples of hulled coffee collected in the experimental field of Embrapa Rondônia in the municipality of Ouro Preto do Oeste, RO, Brazil. The beverage was classified according to the Robusta Cupping Protocols, which also considers the nuances of the beverage, described as neutral, fruit-like, exotic, refined, and mild. The final mean values classified the Robusta botanical variety and the intervarietal hybrids as coffees with a premium beverage, and the Conilon botanical variety as usual good quality. The nuances of the Conilon botanical variety were found to be predominantly neutral (78%), as compared to the Robusta botanical variety and the intervarietal hybrids, which exhibited 50% and 44% of their beverages, respectively, with fruit-like, exotic, or mild nuances. The genetic parameters indicate that the genetic component was more important than the environmental in expression of coffee quality attributes. Genetic variability was observed in the population evaluated, except for the Uniform Cup and Clean Cup beverage attributes. Termos para indexação: Cafés especiais, melhoramento de plantas, parâmetros genéticos, conilon, robusta.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos de características de qualidade de grãos de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) e quantificar o progresso genético da seleção. O teor de óleo dos grãos e os pesos de grãos, amêndoas e casca de 120 plantas, selecionadas ao acaso em plantio comercial, foram avaliados aos 36 e 48 meses de cultivo. O progresso genético foi quantificado por meio da avaliação dos ganhos diretos e da utilização de índices de seleção. O efeito da interação genótipos x medição foi significativo para todas as características avaliadas; portanto, há genótipos com comportamento diferenciado nas duas colheitas. Os parâmetros genéticos indicaram predominância da variação genotípica na expressão das características avaliadas, e observou-se tendência de manutenção da superioridade dos genótipos ao longo do tempo. O índice de seleção genótipo-ideótipo resultou em maior ganho total e promoveu alteração mais equilibrada na média das características. A seleção direta para peso de amêndoa resulta em ganhos totais semelhantes aos obtidos com a utilização dos índices de seleção.Termos para indexação: Jatropha curcas, biocombustível, índice de seleção, melhoramento genético, peso de amêndoas, variedade comercial. Selection efficiency for increasing physic nut oil contentAbstract -The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) grain quality traits and to quantify the genetic progress with selection. Seed oil content, and seed, kernel, and shell weights of 120 plants, randomly selected in a commercial planting, were evaluated at 36 and 48 months. Genetic progress was quantified by the evaluation of direct gains and by the use of selection indexes. The genotype x measurement interaction was significant for all evaluated traits; therefore, there are genotypes with different behavior in the two cropping seasons. The genetic parameters indicated a higher proportion of genotypic variation in the expression of the evaluated traits, and a trend of the genotypes to maintain their genetic superiority over time was observed. The genotype-ideotype selection index resulted in higher genetic gains and promoted a more balanced alteration in the trait means. The direct selection for kernel weight results in genetic gains similar to those obtained with the use of the selection indexes.
Historicamente a bataticultura brasileira tem utilizado cultivares desenvolvidas em países de clima temperado, principalmente da Europa, cultivares estas pouco adaptadas às nossas condições ambientais, principalmente ao fotoperíodo mais curto, temperaturas médias mais elevadas, solos mais pobres e maior pressão de patógenos e pragas. Objetivou-se avaliar clones avançados de batata obtidos pelo programa de melhoramento genético da Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), mais resistentes às principais doenças, com ampla adaptação às várias épocas de plantio no sul de Minas Gerais e adequados ao mercado in natura ou ao processamento industrial. Foram realizados seis experimentos em quatro localidades no sul de Minas Gerais, nas safras da seca, de inverno e das águas. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados com 26 tratamentos e três repetições, sendo utilizados 22 clones elites e quatro cultivares como testemunhas. Alguns clones apresentaram características de interesse para serem lançados como novas cultivares, podendo ser destinados aos diversos tipos de mercado. Os clones NES 1-08 e PRM 348 poderiam ser indicados ao mercado in natura, pois apresentaram boa aparência de tubérculos e aptidão para usos múltiplos (fritura, purês, cozimento, etc.). Já os clones CBM 9-10 e CBM 4-48 poderiam ser indicados para o processamento industrial na forma de pré-fritas congeladas, pois apresentaram alto peso específico, alta porcentagem de tubérculos graúdos e formato alongado. Os clones CBM 19-11 e CBM 16-16 poderiam ser indicados para o processamento industrial na forma de "chips" e/ou batata "palha", pois apresentaram formato arredondado e peso específico adequado.
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