A superthermal component in a metastable Kr* krypton beam produced in a Kr gas discharge has been observed and studied. Evidence is presented that this fast component is due to dissociative recombination of Kr2 + , and that the excited Kr direct products of this reaction are predominantly in the 5s states. An effective method (time of flight) for studying the product states of dissociative recombination reactions is thus demonstrated.

Despite the high potential of controlling cellular processes and treating various diseases by intracellularly delivered proteins, current delivery systems exhibit poor efficiency due to poor serum stability, cellular entry, and cytosolic availability of proteins. Here, we report a novel functional group, phenyl carbamoylated guanidine (Ph‐CG), that greatly enhances the delivery efficiency to various types of cells. Owing to the substantially lowered pKa, the hydrophobic Ph‐CG offers optimized inter‐macromolecular interactions via enhanced hydrogen‐bonding and hydrophobic interactions. The coplanarity of Ph‐CG also leads to the better intracellular entry of protein complexes. Intracellularly delivered apoptosis‐inducing enzymes and antibodies significantly induce cell viability inhibitions in a serum‐containing medium. The newly developed Ph‐CG can be introduced to various existing carriers, leading to the realization of future therapeutic protein delivery.

Positive charge modulation chemistry via the guanylurea group allows an efficient target gene knockdown in primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells covered with mucus.