Background: Cortical demyelination is a relevant aspect of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). Microstructural changes may affect each layer in the cortex differently. Objectives: To evaluate the sensitivity of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) measurements on cortical layers as clinically accessible biomarkers of grey matter (GM) pathology. Methods: Forty-five participants with MS underwent 7 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. Magnetization prepared two rapid acquisition gradient echoes (MP2RAGE) was processed for T1-weighted images and a T1 map. Multi-echo gradient echo images were processed for quantitative susceptibility and R2* maps. Cortical GM volumes were segmented into four cortical layers, and relaxometry metrics were calculated within and between these layers. Results: Significant correlations were found for disability scales and multi-layer metrics, for example, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and peak height (PH) in the subpial (T1: ρ = −0.372, p < 0.050) and inner (R2*: ρ = −0.359, p < 0.050) cortical layers. Multivariate regression showed interdependency between atrophy and cortical metrics in some instances, but an independent relationship between cortical metrics and disability in others. Conclusion: Cortical layer 7 T qMRI analyses reveal layer-specific relationships with disability in MS and allow emergence of clinically relevant associations that are hidden when analysing the full cortex.
Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that generates contrast dependent upon the phenomenon of magnetization exchange between semi-solid macromolecular protons and water protons. This technique has the ability to indirectly image semi-solids, such as protein matrices and cell membranes, whose magnetization dies away too quickly to be imaged directly based on relaxation properties of water interacting with the semisolid lipid protons. Preliminary results suggest that MT quantification may allow improved characterization of the pathologically heterogeneous lesions of multiple sclerosis by providing a measure of demyelination through a sensitivity to myelin proteins. However, MT imaging, as currently most commonly applied, is only a semi-quantitative technique that reflects mixed tissue and experimental parameters in addition to MT. iii In this thesis a novel quantitative MT ResumenLa imagen por transferencia de magnetización (MT) es una técnica de imagen por resonancia magnética nuclear que genera contraste teniendo como base el fenómeno del intercambio de magnetización entre protones de macromoléculas de semisólidos y agua. Esta técnica tiene la propiedad de poder generar imágenes de semisólidos indirectamente, como pueden ser las matrices de proteínas y las membranas celulares, cuya magnetización cae demasiado rápido como para producir imágenes directamente basándose en las propiedades de relajación de los protones del agua interaccionando con los de lípidos. Resultados preliminares sugieren que la cuantificación de MT podría permitir una mejora en la caracterización de las lesiones patológicamente heterogéneas en esclerosis múltiple ofreciendo una medida de la desmielinizacion a través de las proteínas de la mielina. Sin embargo, la imagen MT, en su más amplio rango de aplicación, es solamente una técnica semicuantitativa que refleja una mezcla de tejido y parámetros experimentales junto con MT.En esta tesis, una nueva técnica cuantitativa de imagen (MTsat) se aplica en el cerebro y la espina dorsal cervical con el fin de evaluar si el control de esta limitación puede mejorar la discriminación neuropatológica en sujetos con esclerosis múltiple (MS). Se encontró que MTsat puede discriminar la patología en el cerebro y la espina dorsal cervical que está asociada con los diferentes grados de incapacidad de los pacientes.Además, la señal de regiones del cerebro en donde las técnicas de imagen convencionales no muestran daño de tejido arroja una correlación significativa con las escalas de incapacidad.
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