In Colombia, there exist regions where they have wells, public cells or rivers as water resource. For this reason, there is the need of developing and evaluating mechanisms that allows improve water physical, chemical and microbiological conditions, used for human consumption in these regions. This paper describes the operation, the energy balance, the construction and tests of a prototype of single-slope solar distiller used to determine the influence of temperatures, thickness of condenser and water level inside the collector on thermal efficiency of the process of water distillation. The prototype was tested on noncontrolled environmental conditions at the city of Bucaramanga, measuring temperature, solar radiation and volume of distilled water. The trend lines gotten between volume of water distilled as a function of the incident solar radiation, the temperature difference between water and inner air in the distiller and between air and condenser on real operation condition, allowed the identification of optimal design parameters. After analyzing the results, it was observed a linear dependence between solar radiation and volume of water distilled, in addition to a dependence to the distilled volume to the difference of water temperatures, inner air and the condenser inside the distiller.Keywords: Distillation, Distiller Design, Thermal Efficiency, Solar Energy, Solar Radiation. ResumenEn Colombia, existen poblaciones que tienen pozos, pilas públicas y ríos como fuente de aprovisionamiento de agua. Por esta razón, surge la necesidad de desarrollar y evaluar mecanismos que permitan mejorar las condiciones físicas, químicas y microbiológicas del agua que se utiliza para consumo humano en estas regiones. Este artículo describe el funcionamiento, el balance energético, la construcción y pruebas de un prototipo de destilador solar de una sola pendiente, cuyo uso es la determinación de la influencia de las temperaturas, el espesor del condensador y el nivel del agua dentro del colector en la eficiencia térmica del proceso de destilación de agua. El prototipo fue probado en condiciones medioambientales no contraladas en la ciudad de Bucaramanga, midiendo temperatura, radiación solar y volumen de agua destilada. Las líneas de tendencia obtenidas entre el volumen destilado en función de la radiación solar incidente, la diferencia de temperatura entre el agua y el aire interno del destilador, y entre el aire y el condensador en condiciones reales de funcionamiento, permitieron definir los parámetros de diseño óptimo. Después de analizados los resultados, se observó una relación lineal entre la radiación solar y el volumen destilado, además de una dependencia del volumen destilado con las diferencias de temperaturas presentes entre el agua, el aire y el condensador dentro del destilador.
En este artículo se presentan los resultados de la investigación relacionada con el comportamiento experimental de recubrimientos de alúmina, obtenidos a partir de partículas de tamaño micrométrico y depositadas a través de un proceso de rociado térmico por llama, sobre un sustrato de acero inoxidable AISI 304, cuando están sometidos a desgate erosivo originado por cavitación a través de un aparato vibratorio. La metodología utilizada para alcanzar el objetivo propuesto consistió de cinco fases, en la primera se realizó una caracterización morfológica y química de los materiales utilizados; la segunda fue la adaptación del equipo de ultrasonido UIP1000hd a los requerimientos exigidos por la norma ASTM G32-16 (Método de pruebas estándar para erosión por cavitación usando aparatos vibratorios); posteriormente se ensayaron probetas de acero inoxidable AISI 304 para comprobar el funcionamiento del equipo utilizado, la validación del fenómeno de desgaste presente en las probetas se realizó a través de ensayos de microscopia electrónica de barrido con el fin de observar la evolución de la huella dejada sobre el espécimen; como cuarta fase se realizó la deposición de los recubrimientos de alúmina a través de un equipo de combustión oxiacetilénica convencional y una pistola Eutalloy 85 BX; por último se realizaron ensayos de microdureza y resistencia al desgaste erosivo a probetas de acero inoxidable AISI 304 sin y con recubrimientos de alúmina. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron validar el funcionamiento del equipo adaptado para la realización de los ensayos ya que el porcentaje de error promedio entre los datos experimentales y teóricos fue del 4,5% para el acero inoxidable AISI 304; respecto al comportamiento de los recubrimientos de alúmina se obtuvo una reducción del 26,23% de pérdida de material con respecto al acero inoxidable AISI 304, lo que representa una mejora significativa e incentiva su utilización cuando se tienen elementos mecánicos sometidos a desgaste erosivo originado por cavitación. Palabras clave: Alúmina, Desgaste, Erosión, Recubrimientos. AbstractThis article presents the results of the research related to the experimental behavior of alumina coatings obtained from micrometric size particles and deposited through a thermal spraying by flame process on an AISI 304 stainless steel substrate when it is subjected to erosive wear caused by cavitation through a vibratory apparatus. The methodology used to reach the proposed objective consisted of five phases in the first a morphological and chemical characterization of the materials used, was carried out; the second was the adaptation of UIP1000hd ultrasound equipment to the requirements demanded by the ASTM G32-16 standard (standard test method for erosion by cavitation using vibrating apparatus); afterwards, test pieces of AISI 304 stainless steel were tested to verify the performance of the equipment used, the validation of the wear phenomenon present in the specimens was carried out through scanning electron microscopy tests in order to observe the evolution of the footprint left over the specimen; as a fourth phase, the deposition of the alumina coatings was carried out through a conventional oxyacetylene combustion equipment and an Eutalloy 85 BX gun; finally micro-hardness and erosive wear resistance tests were carried out on AISI 304 stainless steel specimens without and with alumina coatings. The results obtained allowed to validate the operation of the adapted equipment for the performance of the tests since the percentage of average error between the experimental and theoretical data was of 4,5% for AISI 304 stainless steel; regarding the behavior of alumina coatings a 26,23% reduction of material loss was obtained with respect to the AISI 304 stainless steel which represents a significant improvement and encourages its use when mechanical elements are subjected to erosive wear caused by cavitation. Keywords: Alumina, Wearing away, Erosion, Coatings. ResumoEste artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa relacionada ao comportamento experimental de revestimentos de alumina, obtidos a partir de partículas micrométricas e depositados através de um processo de chama térmica, sobre um substrato de aço inoxidável AISI 304, quando submetido a erosão erosiva causada por cavitação através de um aparelho vibratório. A metodologia utilizada para atingir o objetivo proposto consistiu de cinco fases, sendo que na primeira foi realizada uma caracterização morfológica e química dos materiais utilizados; o segundo foi a adaptação do equipamento de ultra-som UIP1000hd aos requisitos exigidos pela norma ASTM G32-16 (método de teste padrão para erosão por cavitação utilizando aparelhos vibratórios); subsequentemente, eles espécimes aço inoxidável AISI 304 foram testadas para a operação do equipamento utilizado, a validação de fenómeno de desgaste presente nas amostras foi realizada por meio de testes de microscopia electrónica de varrimento a fim de observar a evolução da marca deixada sobre o espécime; como uma quarta fase, a deposição dos revestimentos de alumina foi realizada através de equipamento de combustão de oxiacetileno convencional e uma pistola Eutalloy 85 BX; Finalmente, testes de microdureza e resistência à erosão foram realizados em amostras de aço inoxidável AISI 304 sem e com revestimentos de alumina. Os resultados obtidos permitiram validar a operação do equipamento adaptado para a realização dos ensaios, uma vez que a porcentagem de erro médio entre os dados experimentais e teóricos foi de 4,5% para o aço inoxidável AISI 304; sobre o comportamento dos revestimentos de alumina redução de 26,23% de perda de material em comparação com o aço inoxidável AISI 304 foi obtido, o que representa uma melhoria significativa e encoraja a utilização quando os elementos mecânicos são submetidos a erosiva desgaste causado pela cavitação.Palavras-chave: Alumina, Desgastando, Erosão, Revestimentos.
Aluminum alloys have been widely used in multiple applications, such as in civil construction and engine pistons. They are subjected to loads that may impair their mechanical properties. Thereby, this research aims to study the influence of anodization on the mechanical properties of alloy samples and evaluate the behavior of oxide films when subjected to tensile testing. The mechanical properties of specimens have been evaluated based on tensile and Knoop hardness tests, and strain, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of specimens have been determined based on the stress-strain curve. The morphology of oxide films was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). Results of anodized Al-Si alloys in both modes, i.e. pulsed and direct currents, were compared, and it was found that pulsed current was more efficient than direct current with respect to uniformity of the formed film, and that the anodization process can affect a few mechanical properties of samples. The tension testing results also revealed that the oxide film has been fractured perpendicularly towards traction. However, the oxide film hardness was not affected by the anodization mode (pulsed or direct currents). In addition, a heat treatment was efficient at improving the uniformity of anodic films.
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