The presence of spectators in sport is considered a factor that leads to home advantage (HA). The objective of this research was to analyse the difference of wins, points and goals both at home and away depending on the presence or absence of a crowd and other possible covariates such as budget or average attendance at the stadium in times post COVID. The sample is made up of eight football leagues (soccer) from Germany, Spain, Italy, England and Austria. The results show that there are no significant differences between playing with or without a crowd, except in the German and Spanish top leagues. Even so, there is a tendency in most competitions to play worse at home and better away from home when there are no spectators. These findings do not generally support the theory of social facilitation; so it is concluded that there must be other factors that explain HA.

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Featured Application: This approach allows the assessment of building information modeling (BIM) implementation in the formal teaching system, taking into account the student perceptions of BIM in the engineering project course.Abstract: The building information modeling (BIM) methodology is becoming a mandatory requirement in the development of projects within the world context. Consequently, technical schools have been introducing BIM in their curricula. The present study aims to evaluate student perceptions concerning the advantages and difficulties of incorporating BIM into the formal teaching system as part of the degree in industrial engineering. Students' understanding and satisfaction were analyzed while using BIM in the development of the practical component of a didactic industrial project. The evaluation was based on a Likert survey with five levels, and the results were interpreted using a factor analysis and ascending hierarchical classification. To identify possible relationships between student satisfaction with the BIM implementation and the factors obtained, a multiple regression analysis was performed. It was determined that students have a high perception of BIM utility and consider the use of the BIM tool that is intuitive and easy to learn, including during the autonomous learning process. The results show a direct correlation between the benefits of BIM implementation in industrial projects and the advantages of defining teamwork within collaborative projects. The incorporation of BIM as a mandatory subject in the industrial engineering curriculum appears to be successful, and the results are encouraging.

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