The critical size of bone defects resulting from disease or fractures is a medical problem, usually unable to repair spontaneously by the body's healing mechanisms. Bioceramics are being used for bone tissue regeneration to stimulate the growth of bone cells and guide osseous remodeling. The three most common types of bioceramics used in bone tissue engineering (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glass, and tricalcium phosphate) were selected and studied in vivo animal models, exhibiting favorable bone formation with positive biocompatibility reactions for several animal models. In the study, an extensive review of research was conducted to assess the bone-forming capabilities of scaffolds in bone defects and remodeling in vivo. This review aims to support a large-scale assessment of the capabilities of in vivo studies to generate an optimal regenerative process based on an analysis of the results. In addition to providing an essential reference for the applications of bone tissue engineering, the review will assist in developing novel in vivo investigations.

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The objective of this study is to demonstrate how the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) nanoparticles to the (Hydroxyapatite /High-density polyethylene) bio-composites. In this investigation, the samples with various percentages of (MWCNTs) were fabricated by a hot-press technique. The morphological characteristics, roughness of the surface and thermal properties of the bio-composite samples (HA/HDPE/MWCNTs) were investigated. The excellent homo-geneous distribution of the internal fibrous network and microstructure arrangements were among the most prominent characteristics obtained through FE-SEM and AFM examinations. The degree of crystallinity showed that the (MWCNTs) additives enhance by an increase of approximately (35%), compared with pure sample (without addition MWCNTs). Based on the experimental results obtained, the fabrication of the presented bio-composites sample exhibited the excellent characteristics that make them promising material for biomedical application as a substitute material for hard tissue likes bone reconstruction.

After bone implant, short-term complications can lead to a complicated approach to recovery, requiring surgical correction associated with additive risks, such as deep infection and double fracture. The development of synthesized biomaterials for bone replacement or repair, as well as the prevalence of osteoporosis, bone fracture, and bone cancer, is therefore of significant importance. This work aims to demonstrate the effect of adding multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) to the (PMMA/ZrO2–CaO) bio-composites to fabricate a new hybrid biocomposite system for bone recovery and replacement applications. Four groups of composite samples were produced PMMA/(0, 5, 10, 15, 20)% weights of ZrO2–CaO and adding (0, .1, 0.25, 0.5, 1)% weights of (MWCNTs) to each group. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), surface topography by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and fracture strength tests were performed to evaluate the samples’ properties. A number of the most significant characteristics obtained through XRD exhibited a high degree of homogeneous mixing of the composites. In the examination, smooth peaks were obtained and the homogeneous distribution resulted in phase stability. A FE-SEM analysis demonstrated the presence of fibrous structures following the addition of MWCNTs, indicating that this approach would promote adhesion and healing of the tissue, as well as a fibrous arrangement that mimics that of natural bone. The results also showed improvements in mechanical properties by approximately 57%, 38%, 45%, and 6.5% due to the addition of MWCNTs compared to the version sample. Based on the experimental results, the study highlights the potential of these composites in bone reconstruction applications.