The aim of this study was to clarify the physicochemical property evaluation of Roselle seed oil. Two samples (red and white calyces) of Roselle seeds (Elrahad-1) were obtained from El-obied Agricultural Research Station. The Roselle seed oil was extracted by soxhlet method. The standard procedure of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) was used to determine the physicochemical properties (oil%, specific gravity, refractive index, viscosity, saponification value, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value and fatty acids). The yield of the extracted oil for both red and white was found to be 21.1%. The oil had a refractive index (1.467, 1.466), saponification value (189.7, 189.1), iodine value (119, 119), peroxide value (4.6, 4.7), acid value (3.57, 3.55), viscosity (22.5, 22.5), specific gravity (0.90, 0.90). The main unsaturated fatty acids in the oil are Oleic (47.0555%, 47.8868%), Linoleic (30.5836%, 30.7931%) and Elaideic acid (14.359%, 15.1603%) and the saturated acids are Palmitic acid (3.9494%, 3.9198%) and Myristic acid (1.9609%, 1.9845%). These values were arranged for red and white calyces respectively. Comparing the study results with the standards and guideline of edible oils set by the FAO/WHO and the Sudanese standard and the metrology organization (SSMO) the study recommended that the Roselle seed oil can be an economic source of healthy edible fat and for other food industry applications and suggest further study on the effect of storage time on the physicochemical characteristic of the oil.

The study aim to determine the chemical compounds in aqueous and methanolic extracts of Datura innoxia seeds and leaves and to evaluate their toxic effects on experimental rats. Seeds and leaves were collected from El-Obied, North Kordofan State, Sudan, in October, 2016. The aqueous and methanol extracts were carried out by using maceration method and soxhlet apparatus respectively. Sixty five male Albino Wistar rats, three months old and with an average body weight ranged 110-120 g, were randomly divided into thirteen Groups, consisting of five rats in each Group. Group 1 served as control and fed with normal rats’ food and water for thirty days. Groups 2, 6 and 10 administered aqueous seeds extract, Groups 4, 8 and 12 received methanol seeds extract, Groups 3, 7 and 11 received aqueous leaves extracts, Groups 5, 9 and 13 received methanol leaves extract, all the Groups received the same type of extract were administered 40, 60 and 80 mg/kg body weight respectively. The extracts administered to the rats intra gastrically using cathodal tube daily for thirty days. The effects of oral administration of leaves and seeds extracts to 60 healthy rats over 30 days were evaluated by histological studies and body weight changes. The analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of aqueous and methanolic extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids (Scopolamine, atropine and Hyoscyamine), fatty acids, esters, amides, amino acids, ketones, coummarins, terpinoids, phenols, alcohols and hydrocarbons compounds. The histological results showed that administration of extracts caused pathologic changes in the organs studied. The treated Groups had lower (p ≤ 0.05) body weight gains than control Group. The study concluded that the toxicity of seeds and leaves (methanolic and aqueous) extracts are nearly have the same toxic effects on rats due to their same active ingredients (alkaloids) and the oral administration of the extracts was found to be safe up to 40 mg/kg.

Qingshan Thermoelectric Plant located in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, and it uses coal as a fuel. Coal combustion generates not only gaseous pollutants like SO 2 and NO x but also toxic and heavy metals to the atmosphere. From the environmental point of view, the determination and speciation of trace toxic and heavy metals released from coal combustion are very important. In this work, the atomic spectroscopic methods for determination of some trace elements were first established. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) method was used to determine the trace Pb in standard reference material SRM 8322 (fly ash from combustion of pulverized coal). The hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry coupled with flow injection analysis (HGAAS-FIA) was used to analyze the concentration of As in SRM 8322 and the ICP-AES for determination of trace elements Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, etc. For the laboratory research work, all the coal samples were digested with a mixture of acids (HNO3-HF-HCLO4) after burned at 650˚C for one hour. Based on the establishment of atomic spectroscopic determination methods Tessier sequential speciation and separation methods were used in the studies of speciation distribution of some heavy metals in fine particles released from coal combustion of Qingshan Thermoelectric Plant. The transition elements in two samples from Qingshan Thermoelectric Plant (with different combustion condition) were extracted into five fractions by sequential extraction. In each fraction a suitable reagents with an optimum pH and time were used. Centrifugate separation of liquid part from the solid part was used after each fraction, the liquid part is taken for analysis and the solid part was extracted with a suitable reagents for the next fraction and the reaction continued for certain time. This procedure was done for the five fractions (exchangeable, carbonate bounded, Fe-Mn oxide bounded, organic matter bounded and residual). The experiment of the stimulant acid rain reacted with coal ash were also done in order to evaluate the transformation of these trace elements into water system after the fine particles of coal ash act with acid rain. The results showed that most parts of the metal in particles are stable. In order to study the distribution tendency of trace elements in coal, the separation of different coal particles were done using organic solvent extraction and gravity settlement method. The results showed that different trace elements had different distribution tendency in coal.