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This paper aims to analyze national policies of Pakistan taking into account the complexity of electric power generation, growth, and complying with multilateral agreements. Systems thinking has been applied to understand the complexity of energy scenario of Pakistan by representing it with a causal loop diagram (CLD) which displays the interconnectedness and feedbacks of the system. Analysis is based on systems archetypes to diagnose the system behavior, i.e., falling into the vicious cycle of coal. A stock-and-flow model was employed to capture dynamics of energy generation quantitatively, indicating that a 5% GDP growth rate could be sustained based on current planning to increase electric power generation in Pakistan. Thus, in order to achieve a 7% GDP growth rate, as targeted in Vision 2025 of Pakistan, energy generation targets would need to be revised in the view of the sensitivity of increase in energy demand associated with GDP growth rate, while ensuring compliance with multilateral agreements.

Article Highlights • Effect of feed flow rate and steam pressure on the heat transfer coefficient is investigated • Optimum operating parameters are determined for the concentration of sugar cane juice • Correlation is proposed for predicting the heat transfer coefficient in a climbing film

In this work pozzolana deposits of district Swabi, Pakistan were investigated for partial substitution of Portland cement along with limestone filler. The cement samples were mixed in different proportions and tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The strength activity index (SAI) for 10 % pozzolana, and 5% limestone blend at 7 and 28 days was 75.5% and 85.0% satisfying the minimum SAI limit of ASTM C618. Twenty two percents natural pozzolana and five percents limestone were interground with clinker and gypsum in a laboratory ball mill to compare the power consumption with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) (95% clinker and 5% gypsum). The ternary blended cement took less time to reach to the same fineness level as OPC due to soft pozzolana and high grade lime stone indicating that intergrinding may reduce overall power consumption. Blended cement production using natural pozzolana and limestone may reduce the energy consumption and green house gas emissions.