The Keynesian macroeconomic model implies that household expenditures, investments, and savings have significant impacts on economic growth by affecting total expenditures. Therefore, policymakers should determine and apply appropriate policies to maintain these variables. For this purpose, the relationship of economic growth with consumption, investment, unemployment, portfolio investments and saving rates in the Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and Turkey are analyzed with the panel data method using annual data for the period 2005-2016. Saving rates appear to have the most impact on economic growth in accordance with the estimation results of Prais-Winsten Panel Correlated Standard Errors and Feasible Generalized Least Squares which take cross-section dependence into consideration. A 1% increase in saving rates increases economic growth by 0.50%. An increase of 1% in consumption expenditures increases economic growth by 0.41%. While an increase of 1% in investment expenditures increases economic growth by 0.25%, the increase in portfolio investments is insignificant, eventhough its impact on economic growth is positive. An increase in unemployment rates negatively affects economic growth in compliance with the theory.

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The aim of this study is to conduct research about the relation of carbon dioxide emission (2), economic growth (GDP) and crude oil consumption (OIL) in Turkey with the cointegration test. For this reason the ARDL Bound Testing approach developed by Pesaran et.al. has been used for the 1985-2014 period. The test results indicate the existence of a long term relationship among the variables with the elasticity values 0.80 for economic growth and 0.11 for energy consumption. Acquired long term coefficients show a significant relationship among 2 emission, GDP and OIL. In other words, it has been determined that economic growth and energy consumption increased environmental pollution, however economic growth harmed the environment more than energy consumption.

The controversial relationship between public expenditures and economic growth has become one of the famous matters of interest, especially following the Great Depression that began in the US in 1929. As well as other economic variables, an increase in the public expenditure of the countries is expected to have significant impacts on those countries' economic growth performance. Therefore, an annual data set covering the period between the years 1981-2016 is used to determine the relationship of defense, health and education expenditures in the Turkish economy with economic growth. The Fourier unit root test results of the series indicate that economic growth and education expenditure series are stationary in the level, and defense and health expenditure series are stationary in the first difference. The estimation results of ARDL bound test, which is conducted to detect the longterm relationships, indicate that defense, health, and education expenditures are positively related to economic growth at the values of 0.33, 0.17 and 1.33, respectively. In other words, it is determined that economic growth be mostly affected by education expenditures followed by defense and health expenditures, respectively.

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