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Background: Osteochondroma represents the most common benign tumor of bones and accounts for about 30-50 % of them. poor information's in previous studies act on demonstration of the significance of atypical histological changes as a premalignant precursor in mature osteochondroma regardless of the cap thickness. In this study, the proliferative activity of cartilaginous cap will be studied in skeletally mature patients regardless of the cap thickness to demonstrate the independent significant of histological features in predicting the malignant potential in osteochondroma.Methodology: Cases of skeletally mature osteochondroma (78 case) were isolatedand separated into sessile and pedunculated, then into G1(without suspicious histological features) and G2 (with suspicious features), and stained with Ki-67 . Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21and p value < 0.05 was considered as significant.Results: There was significant association between study groups and Ki 67 staining results, majority (75%) of patients with suspicious histopathological features presented with positive results of Ki 67 staining (p value < 0.001). while there was no correlation between shape of lesion and histopathological features (p value 0.662). Conclusion:A typical histopathological features can be regarded as independent factor with the other clinical data when considering the diagnosis of grade 1 chondrosarcoma.

The objectives of this study are to evaluate the benefit of using Giemsa staining in endoscopic duodenal biopsies if it provides an appropriate tool to diagnose giardia parasite more accurate than the usual hematoxylin-eosin stain. Method: a retrospective study including fifty patients have been nominated with upper abdominal pain, attended gastrointestinal tract(GIT) consultation unit in medical City of Imam Al-Hussein-Karbala/ Iraq complaining from upper abdominal discomfort. They have been examined by esophagio- gastro duodenoscopy. All duodenal biopsies have also been collected from pathology excluding all celiac disease cases. All biopsies have paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin looking for Giardia; in the following, the slides are stained with Giemsa stain following the manufacture-instruction. Results: 50patients (27 females and 23 males) have been examined depending on the hematoxylin and eosin staining, respectively, the diagnosis is non-specific chronic duodenitis with low MARSH score. Eleven patients from total fifty-two ones (21.15%) have shown positive symptoms for giardia cyst and trophozoite using the Giemsa stain. Conclusion: Giardia infection is difficult to be diagnosed with hematoxylin-eosin stain, especially with low infection. Consequently, Giemsa stain might be used to increase the efficacy of histopathological diagnosis of the parasite.

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