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Reducing the cost of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as renewables, storage, electric vehicles and smart loads is driving their increased connection to distribution systems. Extracting maximum benefits from DERs require liberalising distribution systems by allowing: (1) a distribution transactive energy market (DTEM) operated by a local distribution operator (LDO) and (2) peer-to-peer (P2P), peer-to-LDO (P2LDO) and Transmission-to-LDO (T2LDO) type transactions. A DTEM will bring several benefits such as: (1) enhanced economic opportunity for DERs, making them more profitable and (2) increased social welfare benefiting both buyers and sellers. To achieve this objective, we develop a comprehensive three-phase DTEM platform that provides maximum economic opportunities for DERs and maximises social welfare that benefits all market participants, while considering P2P, P2LDO and T2LDO transactions, for both energy and ancillary services. Interaction between bulk electricity market independent system operator (ISO) and LDO controlled DTEM is presented. The DTEM model is implemented as a practical mixed-integer linear programming formulation that includes a network reconfiguration feature. The DTEM model is studied on three-phase 5-bus and 34-bus systems, demonstrating its effectiveness to settle energy and ancillary service transactions, while obtaining distribution locational marginal prices. Results show that P2P transactions, when allowed, increase social welfare and increases profitability of DERs.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) Order #2222 prescribes that distributed energy resources (DERs) with 100 kW or more capacity in aggregate should be allowed to participate in organized electricity markets. Most aggregation is via a combination of disparate DER technologies such as solar, wind, storage, electric vehicles, and smart load units. Another stumbling block to enabling participation of DERs in organized electricity markets is the energy limitation. However, there is a lack of aggregator models in the literature that gainfully allow aggregation of disparate DER technologies that are energy limited. To address this shortcoming, we proposed a disparate DER aggregator (DDA) planning model here, that overcomes energy limitation of DERs. The DDA planning model considers multiple revenue streams of (1) capacity credits; (2) energy revenues; and (3) ancillary services revenues. The proposed DDA planning model enables disparate DER technologies to collate and provide a firm power capacity and participate in the market capacity auction and receive capacity credits. This comprehensive DDA planning model considers the dynamic/temporary aggregations with other facilities through peer-to-peer (P2P) trade, and maximization of the net present value (NPV) revenues over the planning horizon. The developed model is tested on sample and practical large-scale case studies. Additional sensitivity analyses are performed, demonstrating the favourable performance and the business potential of the developed DDA planning model.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Transactive energy distribution systems (TEDS) have unleashed new economic opportunities in the distribution sector via a new local distribution operator (LDO) that enables transactions between peers and the LDO (P2LDO) and peer-to-peer transactions. Aiming to unleash full benefits from existing distributed energy resources (DERs), this paper introduces an optimization algorithm for the operation of small, numerous, and disparate DER aggregations. The proposed algorithm seeks to maximize aggregator profits obtained via P2LDO and peer-to-peer transactions for energy and demand response, while being cognizant of capacity obligations acquired during transactive energy distribution system planning phases. In addition, the concept of universal metering is introduced to upgrade the economic opportunity of DERs. Results obtained via case studies show that the proposed approach can help DER owners to increase their revenue. An aggregated case study for 300 m shows that the overall revenue can be increased by more than 100% when operating DERs in an aggregated fashion. INTRODUCTIONLeading technological innovations in distribution systems (DSs), distributed energy resources (DERs) continue to increase in penetration, bringing both benefits and challenges to customers, local distribution companies (LDCs), and independent system operators (ISOs) [1]. DERs encompass renewable energy sources (RES), electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage (ES), and smart loads. Therefore, local distribution markets, devised within a transactive energy distribution system (TEDS) environment, are rapidly emerging. These new markets are tailored to embrace increased DER penetrations, enabling a new range of transactions that are not possible in the current LDC framework [2-4]. In other words, with absence of market mechanism in the current Distribution System framework that can enable the energy trades/transactions (such as P2P and P2LDO) between the customers/participants on the distribution level, but it only exists on the bulk transmission level for large DERs. In this context, advanced strategies are required to allow small, numerous, and disparate DER tech-This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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