The toxicity of seven biorational insecticides [five insect growth regulators (Buprofezin, Fenoxycarb, Pyriproxyfen, Methoxyfenozide, and Tebufenozide) and two oil-extracts of neem and bitter gourd seeds] against Bemisia tabaci and their selectivity for its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa were evaluated in laboratory and field conditions for 2 years (2018–2019) in Pakistan. Toxicity results demonstrate that Pyriproxyfen, Buprofezin, and Fenoxycarb proved to be effective (80–91% mortality and 66.3–84.2% population-reduction) against B. tabaci followed by Methoxyfenozide, Tebufenozide (50–75% mortality and 47.8–52.4% population-reduction), and then oil-extracts of neem and bitter gourd (25–50% mortality and 36.5–39.8% population-reduction) in the laboratory [72 h post-application exposure interval (PAEI)] and field trails (168 h PAEI), respectively. All tested biorationals, except Methoxyfenozide [(slightly-harmful/Class-II), i.e., causing mortality of parasitoids between a range of 25–50%] and Tebufenozide [(moderately-harmful/Class-III), i.e., causing mortality of parasitoids between the ranges of 51–75%], proved harmless/Class-I biorationals at PAEI of 7-days in the field (parasitism-reduction < 25%) and 3-days in the lab (effect < 30%). In laboratory bioassays, exposure of parasitized-pseudopupae and adult-parasitoids to neem and bitter gourd oils demonstrated that these compounds proved harmless/Class-I biorationals (< 30% mortality). Alternatively, Pyriproxyfen, Buprofezin, Fenoxycarb, Methoxyfenozide, and Tebufenozide were slightly-harmful biorationals (30–79% mortality) against the respective stages of E. formosa. We conclude that most of the tested biorationals proved harmless or slightly harmful to E. formosa, except tebufenozide after PAEI of 7-days (168 h) in the field and, therefore, may be used strategically in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of B. tabaci.

Face recognition is becoming a popular field in the evolution of computer applications in the last several years due to the vast range of software. Face identification is arduous because of the enormous variety of faces. Facial recognition is related to image processing, pattern recognition, and computer vision. The development of face recognition algorithms necessitates constantly creating new methods to face authentication technology. A review of human face recognition is mentioned in this paper. The Application and Principles of face recognition are discussed along with the face databases used to determine the efficiency of these face recognition algorithms and their flaws. Two basic techniques for feature extractions are analyzed to identify a face. Model-based methods, appearance-based and hybrid systems are described. The features of suitable face identification, distance measurements, face databases, classification, and an overview of necessary person recognition studies are also discussed with the implementation of the own created dataset. Finally, proposed techniques and challenges with future trends are highlighted.

Objective: To evaluate the level of acceptance of e-learning among dental interns and undergraduates of Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry (AFID).Study Design: Cross-sectional study.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi from March 2018 to September 2018.Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted in 174 participants   including dental interns and undergraduates. A fourteen-item questionnaire was designed and piloted. Data was tabulated and analyzed statistically using SPSS version 24.0. Categorical variables were presented as percentages. Post-stratification Fisher’s exact test and chi-square test were applied. p<0.05 was taken as significant.Results: Among clinical skills learning tools, more than half (54.6%) of the participants considered hospital attachments as most effective.  E-learning was considered a supportive tool for ward test preparation. Three quarters (75.3%) stated that e-learning has improved teaching standards and enhanced student-teacher interaction. There was significant association between level of education and messenger apps (p=.027), gender with accuracy in technique (p=.027) and with supervised discussion session regarding e-videos (p=.038).Conclusion: E-learning is beneficial for ward test preparation as it develops interest in clinical attachment and helps in learning general physical examination of patients.

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Background: China's city Wuhan originated Coronavirus disease or COVID-19 is a contagious viral impacting allsegments of life. Developed countries like America and China are also suffering due to this pandemic. Thisinfectious disease has collapsed the medical and health care system of developing and developed nations aswell.Objective: Present research study has focused on the SARS-CoV-2 impact on dental clinics, dental practitioners,and dental assistants' comparative practices. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 syndrome, transmission patterns, andpre-visit and post-treatments practices of dental clinics and hospitals have been also considered in light ofpolicy guidelines and standard operating procedures recommended by major global healthcare organizations.Materials and Methods: Present research study is qualitative and designed to explore the comparativepractices of dental practitioners according to PRISMA guidelines. All relevant data is obtained from secondarysources. Relevant data has been collected via different electronic databases i.e. Science Hub, Google Scholar,Research Gate, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, and Embase. Peer-reviewed and high-impact factors journals arefocused on snowball sampling techniques. Major global health bodies, WHO, ADA, CDCP reports, policyguidelines, and standard operating procedures are included in this review. Data analysis is carried out in thedescriptive form. Findings: Effective SARS-CoV-2 is an infectious disease and common symptoms of COVID-19 are cough, throat soaring, fever, headache, flu, and diarrhea. Personnel having short breathing, chest pain, loss of smell, taste and reddened face symptoms are given immediate available treatment and attention by doctors. Dental practitioners and assistants working at dental clinics and hospitals are much aware of remedial andprecautionary measures to restrain the spread of SARS-CoV-2.Conclusion: Present study concludes that SARS-CoV-2 is a contagious virus. Healthcare professionals and clinicsare facing major threats of this contagious disease as these employees are the front foot fighters against thiscontagious disease. Research shows that during this unprecedented time, dentists and other health care mustcomply with global major healthcare organizations' standard operating procedures, policy guidelines, andnecessary safety measures to overcome the risk of covid-19 transmission.