<span lang="EN-US">The purpose of this paper is to investigate the severity of lightning induced voltages on a gas pipeline installed in parallel with overhead transmission line using two different simulation packages. The results from this study using CDEGS, which solves a given problem based on electromagnetic computations, reveal that the induced voltages on the pipeline are more accurate compared to that obtained by PSCAD simulation, which is based on the circuit approach. Unlike PSCAD, CDEGS considers many salient factors such as soil model, inductive, capacitive and conductive couplings, and multiple soil structures.  Models of a double circuit 132kV transmission line, gas pipelines, soil with different resistivities and variable lightning surges were developed. The effects of pipelines located at various heights above ground and distance of pipeline from the power lines were also studied. Compared to previously published work using PSCAD, it is found that CDEGS has given more accurate results. Several findings which were not possible using PSCAD were observed such as the effect of soil structure on induced voltage and multiple layers soil. This also led to better understanding of the conductive coupling from lightning strikes and fault conditions. The modeling work using CDEGS not only useful for providing more reliable data for further protection and mitigation techniques, but is  also very versatile to study the effects of various other important factors affecting the induced voltage on the pipelines. </span>

<span>Tropospheric scintillation in satellite communication systems operating at frequencies over 10 GHz is a significant impairment, especially in tropical regions, as attenuation affects scintillation dramatically. This work concentrates on tropospheric scintillation in equatorial Johor Bahru, Malaysia, based on a one-year Ku-band propagation measurement study utilising a direct broadcast receiver and an automatic weather station. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between wet scintillation and rain attenuation using experimental measurements. The power spectral analysis has been carried out to determine required cut-off frequency of filtering to separate out rain attenuation and scintillation effects. The results can provide significant information on the fluctuations of wet scintillation at Ku-band earth space link in tropical regions.</span>

Electromagnetic pulse radiation produced around the lightning stroke channel has caused the disturbance to the microelectronic industry, especially to disturbance of high frequency to electronic systems. Lightning channel-base current function (CBC) characteristics and parameters determine lightning electromagnetic field (LEMF) results obtained on the basis of the used models. This paper evaluated and compared the measured lightning current and six lightning current-based channels models namely Bruce and Golde, Heidler, Diendorfer and Uman, Nucci, Pierce and Cianos and new current-based current (NCBC) models. In terms of the waveshape, among all the six lightning channel-based current models discussed, the models developed by Javor, Nucci and Diendorfer and Uman have showed a good agreement compared to the measured lightning current. In terms of 10-90% risetime and full width half maximum time (FWHM) comparison, NCBC and Nucci models have showed compatible comparison. However, Nucci model is not easily adjustable to different desired pulse-current waveshapes. On the other hand, NCBC model can be simplified, the values of lightning peak current and risetime can be chosen arbitrarily and independently from other parameters, and there is no need for the peak-correction factor, so that reduces the number of parameters. Therefore, the NCBC model was suggested to be used in the future in order to simulate much accurate return stroke model. This knowledge will contribute to the development of a new accurate and efficient return stroke model.

The alternating current (AC) total interference of power lines may pose a threat to personnel and equipment in its vicinity. The main objective of this work is to determine the electromagnetic distribution and induced voltages on human body, equipment, and houses due to the AC total interference for different soil resistivities. The electromagnetic field and induced voltages may cause health problems to the human body and put it at risk. Two main approaches were used to compute the electromagnetic and induced voltages, namely the field approach, which is based on electromagnetic field distribution, and the circuit approach, which uses the circuit grounding analysis to compute the conductive interference and then uses the circuit based models to compute the inductive interference. Human body, steel houses and 10-km-long transmission line were modelled. The soil resistivity was varied, and the induced voltages obtained from both approaches were compared. Soil resistivity and soil structure are important parameters that affect the AC interference level. The results show that the touch voltage increases when the distance between electromagnetic source and human body increases. For high soil resistivity, the danger of the touch voltage becomes more prominent compared to that for low soil resistivity. Power system voltage level and soil resistivity are two key factors influencing the induced voltage level.

<span lang="EN-US">The purpose of this paper is to investigate the severity of lightning induced voltages on a gas pipeline installed in parallel with overhead transmission line using two different simulation packages. The results from this study using CDEGS, which solves a given problem based on electromagnetic computations, reveal that the induced voltages on the pipeline are more accurate compared to that obtained by PSCAD simulation, which is based on the circuit approach. Unlike PSCAD, CDEGS considers many salient factors such as soil model, inductive, capacitive and conductive couplings, and multiple soil structures.  Models of a double circuit 132kV transmission line, gas pipelines, soil with different resistivities and variable lightning surges were developed. The effects of pipelines located at various heights above ground and distance of pipeline from the power lines were also studied. Compared to previously published work using PSCAD, it is found that CDEGS has given more accurate results. Several findings which were not possible using PSCAD were observed such as the effect of soil structure on induced voltage and multiple layers soil. This also led to better understanding of the conductive coupling from lightning strikes and fault conditions. The modeling work using CDEGS not only useful for providing more reliable data for further protection and mitigation techniques, but is  also very versatile to study the effects of various other important factors affecting the induced voltage on the pipelines. </span>