Mitochondrial calcium (Ca 2+ ) dynamics play critical roles in regulating vital physiological conditions in the brain. Importantly, Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes serve different cellular functions including Ca 2+ signaling, bioenergetics, phospholipid biosynthesis, cholesterol esterification, programmed cell death, and communication between the two organelles. Several Ca 2+ -transport systems specialize at the mitochondria, ER, and their contact sites that provide tight control of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling at the molecular level. The biological function of Ca 2+ channels and transporters as well as the role of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling in cellular homeostasis can open new perspectives for investigation and molecular intervention. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormalities in ER/mitochondrial brain functions and dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis are neuropathological hallmarks of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, but little evidence is available to demonstrate their relationship to disease pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. In recent years, the detection of the molecular mechanism regulating cellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and also mitochondrial functions have expanded the number of targeted treatments.The main experimental data identify beneficial effects, whereas some scientific trials did not meet the expectations. Together with an overview of the important function of mitochondria, this review paper introduced the possible tested therapeutic approaches that target mitochondria in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Since these treatments in neurological disorders have shown different degrees of progress, it is essential to perform a detailed assessment of the significance of mitochondrial deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases and of a pharmacological treatment at this stage.

Background and Aims: Increasing research evidence indicates that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) induced by kainic acid (KA) has. high pathological similarities with human TLE. KA induces excitotoxicity (especially in the acute phase of the disease), which leads to neurodegeneration and epileptogenesis through oxidative stress and inflammation. Ferulic acid (FA) is one of the well-known phytochemical compounds that have shown potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and promise in treating several diseases. The current study set out to investigate the neuroprotective effects of FA in a rat model of TLE Methods: Thirty-six male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Pretreatment with FA (100 mg/kg/day p.o.) started one week before the intrahippocampal injection of KA (0.8 µg/µl, 5µl). Seizures were recorded and evaluated according to Racine’s scale. Oxidative stress was assessed by measuring its indicators including malondialdehyde (MDA), nitrite, and catalase. Histopathological evaluations including Nissl staining and immunohistochemical staining of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and neural nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) were performed for the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Results: Pretreatment with FA significantly attenuates the seizures severity and prevents neuronal loss in the CA3 region of the hippocampus in rats with KA-induced post-status epilepticus. Also, nitrite concentration and nNOS levels were markedly diminished in FA-pretreated animals compared to non-pretreated epileptic rats. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that neuroprotective properties of FA, therefore, could be considered as a valuable therapeutic supplement in treating TLE.