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Abstract:In this study, energy and exergy analysis were performed for a single cylinder, water-cooled diesel engine using biodiesel, diesel and bioethanol blends. Each experiment was performed at twelve different engine speeds between 1000 and 3000 rev/min at intervals of 200 rev/min for four different fuel blends. The fuel blends, prepared by mixing biodiesel and diesel in different proportions fuel with 5% bioethanol, are identified as D92B3E5 (92% diesel, 3% biodiesel and 5% bioethanol), D85B10E5 (85% diesel, 10% biodiesel and 5% bioethanol), D80B15E5(80% diesel, 15% biodiesel and 5% bioethanol) and D75B20E5 (75% diesel, 20% biodiesel and 5% bioethanol). The effect of blends on energy and exergy analysis was investigated for the different engine speeds and all the results were compared with effect of D100 reference fuel. The maximum thermal efficiencies obtained were 31.42% at 1500 rev/min for D100 and 31.42%, 28.68%, 28.1%, 28% and 27.18% at 1400 rev/min, respectively, for D92B3E5, D85B10E5, D80B15E5, D75B20E5. Maximum exergetic efficiencies were also obtained as 29.38%, 26.8%, 26.33%, 26.15% and 25.38%, respectively, for the abovementioned fuels. As a result of our analyses, it was determined that D100 fuel has a slightly higher thermal and exergetic efficiency than other fuel blends and all the results are quite close to each other.

IntroductionPulses are a valuable source of protein, calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), thiamine, and riboflavin in poorer areas of the world (Norton et al., 1985). For that reason, in many parts of the world and especially in the tropics, consumption of pulses is associated with poverty. In India, however, it is accepted where religion or local customs prevent consumption of meat or dairy products. Pulses, including beans, are important sources of protein in many regions of the world (Ceyhan, 2006). Pulses are also an excellent source of dietary fiber, vitamins, photochemicals (phenolic acid, anthocyanins), and minerals (Akçin, 1988).The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) constitutes an important part of human nutrition in the world. In recent years, consumption of legumes, and especially dry beans, has increased in the United States and some West European countries. This is due to an increased consciousness of consumers about the nutritional characteristics in foods (Peksen and Artik, 2005).Common bean is known as a "super food" due to its protein, dietary fiber, and mineral content, and due to it being a daily food for more than 300 million people all over the world (Saleh et al., 2012). Common bean genotypes have a wide range of mineral content, which causes differences in quality. In a previous study that was also conducted in Konya, mineral content in the common bean were determined as 1873.88-2248.34 mg/100 g for potassium (K), 94.60-213.32 mg/100 g for Ca, 663.66-770.50 mg/100 g for phosphorus (P), 172.75-195.42 mg/100 g for magnesium (Mg), 43.15-54.65 mg/100 g for sodium (Na), 6.70-8.85 mg/100 g for Fe, and 1.85-2.25 mg/100 g for zinc (Zn) in dry bean seeds (Ceyhan, 2006). The nutritional value of common bean is highly regarded in vegetarian diets, due to high content of protein, minerals, and vitamins. Furthermore, in developing countries, the common bean is used as a meat substitute for protein. The seeds of the common bean contain high amounts of phaseolin, cholestrine, lecithin, phasine, and dextrin. In

Abstract:In this research, a water-water heat pump system using waste water as a heat source, a type that is not often used in Turkey and the World, was experimentally modeled. The experiments were performed under the conditions of simulated waste water temperature values of 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C. Inlet and outlet water temperatures of the evaporator and condenser, water flow rates in the evaporator and condenser circuits, pressures at the compressor inlet and outlet and power consumption of the system were measured. The heating coefficients of performance were calculated based on the measurements. It was found that the maximum temperature in the energy storage tank was about 50.6 °C. For the heat source temperatures of 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C, the heating coefficients of the performance of the system became 3.36, 3.43 and 3.69, respectively, 6 min. after the start time of the experiments and then they were decreased to 1.87, 1.83 and 1.77 with increasing water temperature in the condenser tank. The mean uncertainty value of the measurement parameters was found to be about ±2.47%. Finally, for the purpose of meeting hot water need as well as floor heating system requirements, it is seen that energy quality level of a waste low grade temperature heat source can be increased by using a heat pump system.

Present research was conducted to determine the effect of humic acid (HA) on the yield and nutritional characteristics of cowpea varieties to provide an alternative crop for sustainable agricultural systems. Field trials were carried out for 2 years in Konya/Turkey ecology. HA was applied in 4 doses (0, 70, 110 and 150 kg ha -1 in total) on 2 cowpea varieties (Akkiz and Karagoz) and a total of 20 parameters were evaluated. Results showed that, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, protein yield, potassium and manganese showed an increasing tendency by increased dose of humic acid. Furthermore, 70 kg ha -1 dose of humicacid recorded higher stomatal conductance and first pod height, while applicationof 110 kg ha-1 of humic acid recorded higher plant height and proteinratio. Future research related with nutritional values is needed for achieving better growing techniques and mineral composition in cowpea genotypes.