Background: Physical activity and cardiovascular fitness are important indicators of cardiovascular risk and health status. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in students at postgraduate level. Methods: This cross-sectional study. In the 2014 -2015 academic year, all first-year university students from a postgraduate Tarbiat Modares level university were invited to take part in the present study. Three hundred volunteer students aged 22 to 36 years were selected. Body mass, body fat percent, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of subjects were measured at a specified time. T-independent test was used to examine the difference between groups. Also, the correlation between variables was examined using Pearson correlation coefficient. All data were analyzed by the SPSS software (Version-19). Results:The results showed the obtained data in male and female students at postgraduate level including VO2max (37.4 and 25.3 ml/kg/min), body mass (74 and 58.4 kg), body fat percent (18.9 and 21.7 %), BMI (23.7 and 22.4 kg/m 2 ) and WHR (0.83 and 0.73). An

Background:Physical exercises can influence some anthropometric and fitness components differently. The aim of present study was to evaluate how a relatively long-term training program in 11-14-year-old male Iranian students affects their anthropometric and motor performance measures.Methods:Measurements were conducted on the anthropometric and fitness components of participants (n = 28) prior to and following the program. They trained 20 weeks, 1.5 h/session with 10 min rest, in 4 times trampoline training programs per week. Motor performance of all participants was assessed using standing long jump and vertical jump based on Eurofit Test Battery.Results:The analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measurement test showed a statistically significant main effect of time in calf girth P = 0.001, fat% P = 0.01, vertical jump P = 0.001, and long jump P = 0.001. The ANOVA repeated measurement test revealed a statistically significant main effect of group in fat% P = 0.001. Post hoc paired t-tests indicated statistical significant differences in trampoline group between the two measurements about calf girth (t = −4.35, P = 0.001), fat% (t = 5.87, P = 0.001), vertical jump (t = −5.53, P = 0.001), and long jump (t = −10.00, P = 0.001).Conclusions:We can conclude that 20-week trampoline training with four physical activity sessions/week in 11–14-year-old students seems to have a significant effect on body fat% reduction and effective results in terms of anaerobic physical fitness. Therefore, it is suggested that different training model approach such as trampoline exercises can help students to promote the level of health and motor performance.

Objectives: Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve disorders caused by diabetes which leads to disruptions of axonal transports and exercise can result in its improvement. However, mechanisms and the impact of exercise in these disruptions are not fully understood. So, the purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of endurance exercise on contents of Kinesin -5 and Dynein motor proteins in sciatic nerves of male Wistar rats with diabetic neuropathy. Methods:A number of Twenty -four male Wistar rats were randomly placed in four groups of six each: diabetes control, diabetes exercise, healthy control, and healthy exercise. Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/Kg) was used for induction of diabetes. Moderate -endurance exercise protocol was performed for 6 weeks, two weeks after injection of STZ and diabetic neuropathy was proven by mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. 24 hours after the last training session, the rats were dissected and their sciatic nerves were extracted. The contents of Kinesin -5 and Dynein motor proteins were examined with enzymatic method (ELISA).Results: Moderate -endurance exercise significantly improves mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats. A significant correlation was observed between mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia with resting levels of blood glucose (r = 0.68, p = 0.001, r = 0.82, p = 0.001, respectively). A significant increase was observed in contents of Kinesin -5 and Dynein motor proteins in diabetes control compared with healthy control and diabetes exercise groups (p < 0.05). A significant increase was obtained in contents of Kinesin -5 and Dynein motor proteins in healthy exercise group compared to healthy control group (p < 0.05). Conclusions:The results demonstrate that one of the possible factors involved in axonal transport dysfunction in diabetic neuropathy can be STZ induced upregulation of Kinesin -5 and Dynein motor proteins in diabetic rats. Endurance exercise as a nonmedication strategy can moderate the increase.

Introduction: Most neurodegenerative diseases are associated with the disruption of axonal transport and this might also be related to diabetes-associated disorders affecting the nervous system. Cytoplasmic dynein is a very important motor driving the movement of a wide range of cargoes toward the minus ends of microtubules. The effects of endurance training on dynein motor protein expression in Wistar male rats sciatic nerves with diabetic neuropathy were investigated. Methods: Twenty one male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: diabetic control (DC: n=7), diabetic trained (DT: n=7) and Healthy control (HC: n=7). Two weeks post STZ injection (45 mg/kg, i.p.), rats were subjected to treadmill exercise for 5 days a week for over 6 weeks. Levels of mRNA and protein content were determined by Real time-PCR and ELISA. Results: The blood glucose levels and dynein mRNA in both sensory and motor parts and dynein content in sciatic nerves were increased by diabetes (P≤0.05). Furthermore, exercise training modulated the dynein mRNA and dynein content to normal levels in diabetic trained rats (P≤0.05). Moreover, exercise training reduced blood glucose levels in the DT rats (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm that dynein expresses up-regulation in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Increase in the amount of dynein expression can be a compensatory response in the lower trophic support and burden imposed on autophagy system. These alterations suggest that retrograde axonal transport may be impaired in diabetic rats. In addition, endurance training as a non-pharmacotherapy strategy can modulate these alterations.