Remote sensing (RS) technology has been used together with geographic information systems (GIS) to determine the LC types, retrieve LST, and analyze their relationships. The term Greater Beirut Area (GBA) is used to refer to the city of Beirut and its suburbs which witnessed rapid urban growth, after the end of the civil war, in the last decade of the twentieth century, due to the increase in the number of its inhabitants, and the prosperity and development of sectors such as; industrial, trade, tourism, and construction. These factors led to a wide change in the land cover (LC) types and increased land surface temperature LST. The results showed an increase in built-up areas by 29.1%, and agricultural lands by 6%, while bare land, forests, and seawater decreased by 28.5%, 4.9%, and 1.9%, respectively. These changes caused large differences in the LST between built-up areas and other LC types. The highest LST recorded was in built-up areas (33.03°C in 1985, and 34.01°C in 2020), followed by bare lands (32.61 °C in 1985 and 33.49°C in 2020), cropland (31.23°C in 1985 and 32.17°C in 2020), forest (30.08°C in 1985 and 30.47°C in 2020), and water (24.97°C in 1985 and 28.15°C in 2020). Consequently, converting different LC types into built-up areas led to increases in LST and changed microclimate.
La dégradation du sol par l’érosion hydrique est un phénomène naturel qui peut être amplifié par les actions anthropiques. Les conséquences de ce phénomène sont néfastes et peuvent nuire aux caractères intrinsèques du sol, et entraîner sa disparition dans certains cas. Pour cartographier l’aléa érosion dans l’amont du bassin versant du Nahr el Kalb, nous avons adopté une approche hiérarchique, nommée MESALES, qui combine les paramètres pondérés de l’érosion (occupation du sol, pente, érodibilité du sol et climat) dans un Système d’information géographique (SIG). Afin de tenir compte des spécificités du milieu, l’érodibilité des sols a été calculée à partir de l’équation de Wischmeier et Smith (1960 ; 1978). Le bilan de ce travail montre le rôle prépondérant du couvert végétal. 67 % du périmètre d'étude subit une forte et très forte érosion, il s’agit essentiellement des secteurs ayant un couvert végétal dégradé ou en étant dépourvus. La précision globale du modèle et l'indice Kappa qui en sont ressortis sont estimés respectivement à 84 % et 80%.
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