MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that can regulate the expression of target genes post-transcriptionally and interact with mRNA-coding genes. MiRNAs play vital roles in many biological functions, and abnormal miRNA expression has been linked to various illnesses, including cancer. Among the miRNAs, miR-122, miR-206, miR-21, miR-210, miR-223, and miR-424 have been extensively studied in various cancers. Although research in miRNAs has grown considerably over the last decade, much is yet to be discovered, especially regarding their role in cancer therapies. Several kinds of cancer have been linked to dysregulation and abnormal expression of miR-122, indicating that miR-122 may serve as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker for human cancer. Consequently, in this review literature, miR-122 has been analyzed in numerous cancer types to sort out the function of cancer cells miR-122 and enhance patient response to standard therapy.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most prevalent pediatric soft tissue malignancy. The early metastasis and recurrence of RMS, as well as the pain and bleeding induced by tumor compression, significantly compromise therapy efficacy and prognosis. In some cases, up to 37.7 percent of RMS spread to other parts of the body. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular pathways behind RMS in order to find a reliable target for the early detection and targeted treatment of this cancer. A microarray dataset of 63 RMS tissue samples and 63 control group samples was obtained and analyzed. GEO2R was able to detect genes that were differentially expressed miRNAs between rhabdomyosarcoma and normal tissue. Analysis of gene ontology ( molecular functions and biological processes) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways was conducted. Hub target genes of miRNAs were found through building an interaction network. Then we intersection between miRNAs RMS profile and miRnone of RMS. In RMS tumor tissues, 75 miRNAs were found to be up-regulated and 86 miRNAs were found to be down-regulated. According to the results of the gene ontology analysis, the functions of the cell cycle, retinal pigmented epithelium development, oxidative stress, cellular aging, and PI3K/AKT were the most significantly enriched. With 75 nodes and 1740 edges, hsa-miR-758-3p, hsa-miR-1908-3p, hsa-miR-127-5p and hsa-miR-6762-3p upregulated miRNAs and hsa-miR-1229-5p, hsa-miR-6831-5p, hsa-miR-4660, hsa-miR-3908, hsa-miR-1182, hsa-miR-6796-5p, hsa-miR-1180-3p, hsa-miR-519e-3p and hsa-miR-370-5p downregulated miRNAs were observed with miRnome of RMS. hsa-miR-410-3p were possibility role to invasion RMS tumor to retina. Our results show that RMS and normal tissue samples had varied miRNAs expression levels. As hsa-miR-410-3p and hsa-miR-127-5p have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of RMS, they should be studied in greater depth.

Background: Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) in its advanced state have been one of the medical community's concerns so far. Cell therapy has been a modern and successful treatment. However, it has not yet been effective enough to treat MS. This study aimed to find the relationship between neural stem cells (NSCs) and MS, and by considering important signaling pathways of pathogenesis, the most important microRNAs (miRNAs) for its diagnosis and treatment were investigated. Materials and Methods: Using the bioinformatics approaches and appropriate databases, the relationship between NSCs and MS were recognized, and after obtaining common genes between them, the protein products by them were evaluated. Finally, after nominating essential genes, we isolated and analyzed the microarrays involved in these pathways. Results: In the first step, 76 upregulated and 1600 down-regulated common genes between NSCs and MS were recognized. Upregulated genes obtained axon guidance, NCAM, and RHO signaling pathways, and the cell cycle, RNA metabolism, and DNA repair signaling pathways by down-regulated genes. Then, high-expression PAK3, ROBO2, and LIMK2, and low-expression AURKA, BIRC5, BLM, and BRCA1 proteins were identified. Accordingly, high-expression miRNAs included hsa-miR-4790-5p, hsa-miR-4281, and hsa-miR-4327, but low-expression miRNAs included hsa-miR-103b, hsa-miR-638, and hsa-miR-4537 were recognized. Conclusion: Our study indicated that the abovementioned important miRNAs have a major role in diagnosing and treating MS.