Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide, affecting about 80% of women up to the age of 50. The persistent infection of high risk-HPV types (HR-HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer of women. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the frequency and typing of HPV in the genital lesions in the Iranian population.
Methods
This descriptive-analytic study was conducted on a population in the South-Khorasan province of Iran. All of the participants were sexually active and were checked for evident cervical warts. Biopsy samples were collected from various lesions, and all samples were tested for detection and genotyping of HPV using a reverse dot blot hybridization method (HPV direct flow CHIP).
Results
In overall, 370 samples were evaluated; 10 cases (2.7%) were male and the rest were female. The mean age of patients was 33.3 ± 8.5 years, of which 48.1% were in the age range from 25 to 36 years. Among the samples, 345 (93.2%) were positive for HPV-DNA; the low risk HPV types (LR-HPV) and HR-HPV were identified among 80.9% and 15.5% of tissue samples, respectively. Among the LR-HPV, HPV-6, 11, 42 and 54 were the most common genotypes, and HPV-16 and 39 were prevalent HR-HPV types detected. The number of pregnancies, marriage age, and partner infection were not significantly related to the HPV types. Types 42 had a declining pattern toward aging, and HPV-11 was increasing toward aging.
Conclusion
The number of samples with HR-HPV was rather high. Due to the greater frequency of infection in the age range of 25–35 years, it is advised that all individuals referred to gynecological clinics at gestational age be tested for HPV types.
Very different objects have been reported as foreign bodies in the urinary bladder, which encompasses everything available in the environment, and each one presents a new challenge to urologists. Herein, we report the case of a 21-year-old male patient presented with lower urinary tract symptoms. Two months before his presentation, he had introduced a 110 cm soft electrical wire to his urethra, which migrated into the bladder. Although it has been said that most foreign bodies in the bladder could be endoscopically removed, an attempt to remove this wire by cystoscopy was unsuccessful, and suprapubic cystostomy was performed for the removal. Therefore, it is recommended to consider suprapubic cystostomy the choice of treatment instead of the endoscopic procedure in the case of long and knotted wires to avoid injuries to the urethra.
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