Background: The noise caused by traffic is an increasingly prominent feature of urban environments. However, limited studies have been focused on the assessment of exposureresponse relationship between road traffic noise exposure and driving behaviors in Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the violations caused by road traffic noise exposure in Qazvin, Iran. Methods: Initially, a line with 70 taxi drivers was selected for the evaluation of noise exposure. According to ISO9612:2009, the eight-hour equivalent noise level [Leq8h] was measured during a workday. In addition, driving behaviors were assessed using the selfreport Iranian version of Manchester driving behavior questionnaire (MDBQ). Results: Statistical analysis included the mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum, Pearson's correlation-coefficient, and logistic regression. The results of Pearson's correlation-coefficient indicated a strong correlation with noise levels and personal characteristics with driving behaviors (P < 0.05). Moreover, logistic regression showed that noise level was significantly associated with the components of driving behaviors. Conclusion: According to the results, traffic noise exposure is a significant influential factor in the increased rate of driving violations. Equivalent sound pressure level in taxies was observed to be above of the limit for occupational comfort based on NR 17 standard, which may affect driving behaviors.

The effect of mobile phone radiation on human reproduction system is still a matter of debate. In this study, 18 male rabbits were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Experimental groups received simulated microwaves with the frequency of 950 MHz and the output power of 3 and 6 watts for 2 weeks, 2 h a day. After a week of rest, the microscopic slides from the quada of the excised epididymis were prepared. Then, the diameter of epididymis, the height of epithelium and the number of apoptotic cells in epithelium in study groups were determined. The data were compared using spss software and one-way anova test. The epithelial height and diameter of the epididymis in 3 watt and 6 watt groups had a significant decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.001), while the testosterone level only in 6 watt group was significantly decreased compared to control group. The rate of apoptosis in the epithelial cells of the epididymis had a significant increase only in 6 watt group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). This study showed that the microwaves with the frequency of 950 MHz can have negative impacts on morphometric and apoptotic changes of rabbit epididymis.

Increasing growth of industry and industrial productions caused the exposure of more than 4 million people with a wide variety of chemicals in the world (1,2). So, the number of chemicals detected at present is over 18 million and 1000 to 2000 new chemicals are added to this number annually which toxicology information is available currently only for 10000 types of chemicals. Some of these substances are new compounds and mixtures which their toxicological properties have not been studied and may be dangerous for humans (3). Exposure to these substances without considering the precautionary principles and control measures, while working with them, can cause numerous health effects on people. Health effects depending on the type of chemicals, route of entry, duration of the

Background and aimTest of maximal oxygen consumption is the gold standard for measuring cardio-pulmonary fitness. This study aimed to determine correlation of Gerkin, Queen’s College, George, and Jackson methods in estimating maximal oxygen consumption, and demographic factors affecting maximal oxygen consumption.MethodsThis descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a census of medical emergency students (n=57) in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2016. The subjects firstly completed the General Health Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and demographic characteristics. Then eligible subjects were assessed using exercise tests of Gerkin treadmill, Queen’s College steps and non-exercise George, and Jackson. Data analysis was carried out using independent t-test, one way analysis of variance and Pearson correlation in the SPSS software.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 21.69±4.99 years. The mean of maximal oxygen consumption using Gerkin, Queen’s College, George, and Jackson tests was 4.17, 3.36, 3.64, 3.63 liters per minute, respectively. Pearson statistical test showed a significant correlation among fours tests. George and Jackson tests had the greatest correlation (r=0.85, p>0.001). Results of tests of one-way analysis of variance and t-test showed a significant relationship between independent variable of weight and height in four tests, and dependent variable of maximal oxygen consumption. Also, there was a significant relationship between variable of body mass index in two tests of Gerkin and Queen’s College and variable of exercise hours per week with the George and Jackson tests (p>0.001).ConclusionGiven the obtained correlation, these tests have the potential to replace each other as necessary, so that the non-exercise Jackson test can be used instead of the Gerkin test.

Objective: Microwave radiation is one of the most growing environmental workplace factors that exposes too many workers in the various workplaces. Regard to concerns about cancer incidence in these workers and lack of systematic or meta-analytic studies about this object, so, we conducted a meta-analysis to acquire an understanding of the association between cancer risk and occupational exposure to radar radiation. Methods: A systematic search was carried out on case-control, cohort and clinical control trial studies that published in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus and Google scholar databases that accomplished from March 2017 to March 2018 and updated on 30 September, 2018 in English and Persian articles without time limit in publication date. Keywords were selected based on PICO principle and collected from MeSH database. After removal of duplicated studied, taking into inclusion and exclusion criteria, the process of screening was carried out and data were extracted after preparation of the full text of included articles. Article collection was completed by manually searching for a reference list of eligible studies. For quality assessment of included studies, Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used. Results: a total of 533 studies was found in the first step of literature search, only 6 were included with 53,008 sample size according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Estimated pooled random effects size analysis showed no significant increasing effect of occupational exposure to radar radiation on mortality rate (MR=0.81, 95%CI: 0.78, 0.83) and relative risk (RR=0.87, 95%CI: 0.75, 0.99, P <0.0001) of cancer with a significant heterogeneity between the selected studies. Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of this meta-analysis study have shown no significant increase in overall mortality ratio and cancer risk ratio from occupational exposure to the radar frequency of workers. But, these results are not conclusive. As regards to some limitation such as fewer numbers of included studies, lack of data about exposure characterizations and demographic characterizations in this meta-analysis, this result is not certain and conclusive. It is recommended to conduct future studies.