Optical phantoms are widely used for evaluating the performance of biomedical optical modalities, and hence, absorbing and scattering materials are required for the construction of optical phantoms. Towards that aim, new readily available and inexpensive black Ink (Parker) as a simulating absorber as well as Intralipid 20% as a simulating scatterer are thoroughly investigated. Broadband Transmittance and Diffuse reflectance spectroscopic measurements were performed in the visible range 400 -700 nm. Optical properties of the phantom materials are determined. Analytical expressions for absorption and scattering coefficient related to the concentrations and wavelength of the Parker ink and Intralipid are also presented and discussed. The results show nonlinear trend in the absorption coefficient of Parker ink over the examined visible spectral range. Furthermore, Intralipid scattering coefficient variation across the mentioned spectral range shows a tissue-like scattering trend. The findings demonstrate the capability of the broadband transmission and diffuse reflectance for characterizing tissue-like phantom materials in the examined spectral range.

The aim of this study is to characterize the optical properties of Intralipid20% using two methods modified Kubelka-Munk model and Mie theory and to test the applicability of a modified Kubelka-Munk model with a single integrating sphere system over a wide wavelength range 470 – 725nm. Scattering coefficients which estimated by these two methods were matched and the absorption effect was observed and quantified. Finally, the imaginary part of the refractive index was estimated besides scattering, absorption and anisotropy coefficients. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB.W. Pogue, and M.S. Patterson, "Review of tissue simulating phantoms for optical spectroscopy, imaging and dosimetry", J. Biomed. Opt. 11, 4(2006). CrossRef J. Hwang, C. Ramella-Roman, and R. Nordstrom, "Introduction: Feature Issue on Phantoms for the Performance Evaluation and Validation of Optical Medical Imaging Devices", Biomed. Opt. Express. 3, 6(2012). CrossRef P. Ninni, F. Martelli, and G. Zaccanti, "Intralipid: towards a diffusive reference standard for optical tissue phantoms", Phys. Med. Biol 56, 2(2011). CrossRef S. Flock, S. Jacques, B. Wilson, W. Star, and J.C. van Gemert, "Optical properties of intralipid: A phantom medium for light propagation studies", Lasers. Surg. Med 4, 12(1992). CrossRef R. Michels, F. Foschum, and A. Kienle, "Optical properties of fat emulsions", Opt. Express. 16, 8(2008). CrossRef L. Spinelli et al. "Calibration of scattering and absorption properties of a liquid diffusive medium at NIR wavelengths. Time-resolved method", Opt. Express. 15, 11(2007). CrossRef L. Spinelli et al. "Determination of reference values for optical properties of liquid phantoms based on Intralipid and India ink", Biomed. Opt. Express. 5, 7(2014). CrossRef H. van Staveren, C. Moes, J. van Marle, S. Prahl, and J. van Gemert, "Light scattering in lntralipid-10% in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm", Appl. Opt. 30, 31(1991). CrossRef B. Wilson, M. Patterson, and S. Flock, "Indirect versus direct techniques for the measurement of the optical properties of tissues", Photochem. Photobiol. 46, 5(1987). CrossRef H. Soleimanzad, H. Gurden, and F. Pain, "Optical properties of mice skull bone in the 455- to 705-nm range", J. Biomed. Opt. 22, 1(2017). CrossRef C. Holmer et al. "Optical properties of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the gastroesophageal junction", J. Biomed. Opt. 12, 1(2007). CrossRef S. Thennadil, "Relationship between the Kubelka–Munk scattering and radiative transfer coefficients", OSA. 25, 7(2008). CrossRef L. Yang, and B. Kruse, "Qualifying the arguments used in the derivation of the revised Kubelka–Munk theory: reply", OSA. 21, 10(2004). CrossRef W. Vargas, and G. Niklasson, "Applicability conditions of the Kubelka–Munk theory", Appl. Opt. 36, 22(1997). CrossRef A. Krainov, A. Mokeeva, E. Segeeva, P. Agrba, and M. Kirillin, "Optical properties of mouse biotissues and their optical phantoms", Opt. Spec. 115, 2(2013). CrossRef H.C. van de Hulst, Light Scattering by Small Particles. (New York, Dover Publication 1981). CrossRef C. Matzler, Matlab Functions for Mie Scattering and Absorption. (Bern, Bern university 2002). DirectLink C. Matzler, Matlab Functions for Mie Scattering and Absorption, version 2 (Bern, Bern university 2002). DirectLink G. Segelstein, The complex refractive index of water [dissertation]. (Kansas, university of Missouri-Kansas city 1981). DirectLink A. Shahin, and W. Bachir, Pol. J. Med. Phys. Eng. 21, 4(2017). CrossRef

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Background:Having pleasurable sexual intercourses plays a major role in marital life satisfaction. Many of the medical and psychiatric disorders may affect the sexual function of the patients. The present study aims to investigate the relative frequency of sexual dysfunctions in the patients hospitalized in psychiatric wards and that of the patients in other specialized wards.Materials and Methods:This study is a descriptive-analytical, cross-sectional one, carried out on 900 patients hospitalized in psychiatric, cardiac, orthopedic, ophthalmology, and dermatology and plastic surgery wards of 5 hospitals in Isfahan. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaire and Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX).Results:Sexual dysfunction in the patients hospitalized in psychiatric wards (38%) was significantly higher than in the patients in other wards (27%), (P = 0.00). Among the patients hospitalized in psychiatric wards, those with bipolar disorder (37.3%) had the highest prevalence rate of sexual dysfunction. The patients with schizophrenia, major depression, substance abuse, and anxiety disorders had the following rates respectively. Among the patients in non-psychiatric wards, those in cardiac wards (37.1%) had the highest prevalence rate of sexual dysfunction. There was a significant relationship between the drug uses, mostly psychiatric drugs especially anti-psychotics, and the occurrence of sexual dysfunction.Conclusion:Considering the significant relative frequency of sexual dysfunction in psychiatric patients and undesired effects of simultaneous occurrence of both of these disorders in the patients, more emphasis is recommended to be placed on the prevention and proper treatment of these disorders in the patients.

The optical properties of 1 μm polystyrene in the wavelength range of 500–750 nm were estimated by using a white light spectrophotometric transmittance spectroscopy and a single integrating sphere system. To retrieve the optical characteristics, two analytical methods, namely, diffusion approximation and Kubelka–Munk were used, and then their results were compared with Mie theory calculations. The correspondence of the Kubelka–Munk scattering coefficient with Mie was obvious, and relative errors varied between 6.73% and 2.66% whereas errors varied between 6.87% and 3.62% for diffusion theory. Both analytical methods demonstrated the absorption property of polystyrene over the abovementioned wavelength range. Although absorption coefficient turned out to be much lower than scattering, constructing a realistic optical phantom requires taking into account absorption property of polystyrene. Complex refractive index of polystyrene based on these two methods was determined. Inverse Mie algorithm with scattering coefficient was also used to retrieve the real part of refractive index and absorption coefficient for calculating the imaginary part of refractive index. The relative errors of the real part did not exceed 2.6%, and the imaginary part was in consistence with the prior works. Finally, the presented results confirm the validity of diffusion theory with a single integrating sphere system.