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BackgroundUse of energy drinks has significantly increased in recent times. Besides athletes, teenagers and students are among the most common consumers. However, popularity is also increasing among the younger and older age groups. Most of the users believe that they are a good source of instant energy and are unaware of its high Caffeine content resulting in harmful effects on health.Case presentationWe report the case of a young boy who presented with palpitations and high blood pressure as a result of energy drinks usage. He had been consuming a “Sting” energy drink on regular basis while studying for long hours during his O’ level Exams. His medical examination revealed Sinus tachycardia and high blood pressure. Rest of the examination and lab workup was within normal limits. His pulse and blood pressure returned to normal range after discontinuing Sting usage.ConclusionSeveral studies have reported numerous health hazards including cardiac effects associated with energy drinks. Warning labeling should be done on these drinks regulating the content of Caffeine and its harmful effects on health.

Percentile curves representing intrauterine growth of Indonesian infants ranging from 34 to 43 weeks of gestation in 14 teaching centers were constructed from birth weight, birth length, and head, mid-upper arm, and chest circumferences. The gestational age was determined based on the last menstrual period. Mothers with probable chronic diseases or pregnancy complications were excluded. Included for analysis were 5844 singleton newborns. The mean birth weight of Indonesian babies was higher for gestational age of 34-38 weeks, but lower at 40-42 weeks of gestation compared with that of the Denver study. The results showed that the mean birth weight of Denver's newborns was significantly different than that of the Indonesian infants, therefore the Denver intrauterine growth curve cannot be used as reference curve for Indonesian  newborns. Baby boys in general bad a higher mean birth weight, birth length, head circumference, and chest circumference. No difference was found for arm circumference. For every gestational age and percentiles, later born infants were heavier than first born infants. Birth weight at 42 weeks was lower for first born infants, this was not shown in later-born infants which showed higher weight for each percentiles. Parity affected birth weight more than birth length. Birth length became more stable at 39 weeks. Chest circumference of < 29 em had the highest sensitivit,y and positive predictive value for low birth weight, followed by arm circumference of < 9 cm. The use of intrauterine growth chart in studying the nutritional status of babies at birth was described.

Background Epidemiological studies show a dose–response association between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis. This review aimed to determine whether there are identifiable risk-thresholds between the frequency of cannabis use and psychosis development. Methods Systematic search of Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science for relevant studies (1 January 2010–26 April 2021). Case–control or cohort studies that investigated the relationship between cannabis use and the risk of psychosis development that reported effect estimates [odds ratios (OR), hazard ratios (HR), risk ratios (RR)] or the raw data to calculate them, with information on the frequency of cannabis consumption were included. Effect estimates were extracted from individual studies and converted to RR. Two-stage dose–response multivariable meta-analytic models were utilized and sensitivity analyses conducted. The Newcastle Ottawa Scale was used to assess the risk of bias of included studies. Results Ten original (three cohorts, seven case–control) studies were included, including 7390 participants with an age range of 12–65 years. Random-effect model meta-analyses showed a significant log-linear dose–response association between cannabis use frequency and psychosis development. A restricted cubic-splines model provided the best fit for the data, with the risk of psychosis significantly increasing for weekly or more frequent cannabis use [RR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–1.11 yearly; RR = 1.10, 95% CI 0.97–1.25 monthly; RR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.19–1.52 weekly; RR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.47–2.12 daily] Conclusion Individuals using cannabis frequently are at increased risk of psychosis, with no significant risk associated with less frequent use. Public health prevention messages should convey these risk-thresholds, which should be refined through further work.