Heavy metals enter the environment by municipal and industrial wastewater, fuel consumption, and application of sludge as fertilizer (1). In recent decades, many industrial units have contaminated the environment due to the use of heavy metals and their produced wastes. Industrial wastewater is one of the most important environmental contamination factors. Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals is part of the dangerous contamination that occurs in the production process of many industries (2). The most commonly observed heavy metals in the wastewater include lead, copper, zinc, cadmium, chromium, and nickel (3). Widespread use of chromium in industries, such as leather tanning, dyes, electroplating of chrome, stainless steel production, and wood preservatives have to lead to soil and groundwater contamination to this element. Comparatively, hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] compound is known to be more toxic than the trivalent chromium compound (4). Nickel is extensively applied for making stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys (5).
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