Land has an essential role in any society, either as one of the most important capitals of mankind or as a place for people's life and activities. Therefore, registration of ownership and land use rights in a formal system is a major issue. In different countries, Cadastre systems can register extent, rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land parcels. Many organizations such as municipality, tax and banks need to this information for planning and decision making. Considering the needs for land information by different organizations, access to cadastre data gains a lot of importance. Despite this importance, access to cadastre information encounter with different challenges such as differences in platforms or data structures and access to semantic and geometric data. The main goal of this research is to overcome these challenges and to improve the interoperability in sharing and accessing 3D cadastre data and challenges. This paper investigates capabilities of current 3D Spatial Web Services: WFS, WVS, WTS and W3DS as well as advantages of using these 3D services for access to 3D cadastre data. The authors also combined the legal classes of LADM with geometrical classes of CityGML for transferring the semantic and geometric cadastre data. Finally, some prospects of using 3D Web Services will be illustrated through implementation the scenarios. The most important advantages of using 3D Spatial Web Services in cadastre are on the fly construction and on demand presentation of 3D cadastral model, facilitating of access to legal and descriptive cadastre information, no necessity to user's awareness of data structure in cadastre database and compatibility with different levels of users.

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Much research has been conducted on the use of sketch maps to search in spatial databases, nevertheless, they have faced challenges, such as modeling of the data abstraction level, aggregated features in sketches, modeling of semantic aspects of data, data redundancy, and evaluation of the results. Considering these challenges, in this article a new solution is presented for searching in databases based on data matching. The main difference between this solution and the other approaches lies in the parameters introduced to match data and how to solve the matching problem. Using geometrical, topological, and semantic parameters in the matching, as well as performing the matching process in the two phases of partial and global, has resulted in an of about 78%. The evaluation process is performed based on the matching parameters and the matching procedure; finally, the result is acceptable compared to previous implementations.

ABSTRACT:Today by extensive use of intelligent mobile phones, increased size of screens and enriching the mobile phones by Global Positioning System (GPS) technology use of location based services have been considered by public users more than ever.. Based on the position of users, they can receive the desired information from different LBS providers. Any LBS system generally includes five main parts: mobile devices, communication network, positioning system, service provider and data provider. By now many advances have been gained in relation to any of these parts; however the users positioning especially in indoor environments is propounded as an essential and critical issue in LBS. It is well known that GPS performs too poorly inside buildings to provide usable indoor positioning. On the other hand, current indoor positioning technologies such as using RFID or WiFi network need different hardware and software infrastructures. In this paper, we propose a new method to overcome these challenges. This method is using the Quick Response (QR) Code Technology. QR Code is a 2D encrypted barcode with a matrix structure which consists of black modules arranged in a square grid. Scanning and data retrieving process from QR Code is possible by use of different camera-enabled mobile phones only by installing the barcode reader software. This paper reviews the capabilities of QR Code technology and then discusses the advantages of using QR Code in Indoor LBS (ILBS) system in comparison to other technologies. Finally, some prospects of using QR Code are illustrated through implementation of a scenario. The most important advantages of using this new technology in ILBS are easy implementation, spending less expenses, quick data retrieval, possibility of printing the QR Code on different products and no need for complicated hardware and software infrastructures.