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Measuring changes in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of various large economies is fundamental for analyzing the impact and effectiveness of various policies in this direction. This study analyzes intertemporal changes in energy and CO2 emissions efficiency of economies by applying a network data envelopment analysis approach that takes into consideration the internal structure of the analysis units. We have applied two divisional network data envelopment analysis models for analysis of the economic and distributive efficiency of economies from 2001 to 2011. The results are very useful in analyzing the situation; we found that none of the economies was efficient in both aspects in the sample period, implying that none of the countries in the analysis was efficient in the production and distribution of economic outputs simultaneously. Brazil, Canada, China and Germany showed improvement in economic efficiency but the distribution efficiency of the most of the economies is low because of the increase in population and high-income class. Most of the countries had an increase in the high-income class but China performed better in the second division because it has managed to improve its middle-income class in the recent past by moving more people from low-income class to middle income class. It is suggested that countries should emphasize on economic restructuring and expansion of the middle-income class to improve their performance in the production and distribution of economic outputs.

The research is aiming at assessing the effect of cash conversion cycle on profitability of the firm.  Three components are used to measure cash conversion cycle (CCC); average receivable period (ARP), average inventory period (AIP) and average payable period (APP).  Henceforth, cash conversion cycle and its determinants are taken as Independent variables. The dependent variable is profitability being measured by return on asset (ROA).  The data was collected with the help of pooled data containing a sample of 10 firms of two manufacturing sector such as Oil & Gas and Engineering, listed on PSX for the period 2010-2018.  Regression and correlation techniques were used for analysis and come up with the outcomes that average receivable period and average inventory period have an adverse significant association with profitability of the firm except average payable period.  In the end, there exists a highly negative significant association among CCC and firm’s profitability as ROA. The results showed that lesser the no. of days of CCC, the firm has greater profitability. This paper contributes to the literature, which shows the association amongst CCC and ROA.