In large infrastructures such as dams, which have a relatively high economic value, ensuring the proper operation of the associated hydraulic facilities in different operating conditions is of utmost importance. To ensure the correct and successful operation of the dam's hydraulic equipment and prevent possible damages, including gates and downstream tunnel, to build laboratory models and perform some tests are essential (the advancement of the smart sensors based on artificial intelligence is essential). One of the causes of damage to dam bottom outlets is cavitation in downstream and between the gates, which can impact on dam facilities, and air aeration can be a solution to improve it. In the present study, six dams in different provinces in Iran has been chosen to evaluate the air entrainment in the downstream tunnel experimentally. Three artificial neural networks (ANN) based machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to model and predict the air aeration in the bottom outlet. The proposed models are trained with genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), i.e., ANN-GA, ANN-PSO, and ANFIS-PSO. Two hydrodynamic variables, namely volume rate and opening percentage of the gate, are used as inputs into all bottom outlet models. The results showed that the most optimal model is ANFIS-PSO to predict the dependent value compared with ANN-GA and ANN-PSO. The importance of the volume rate and opening percentage of the dams' gate parameters is more effective for suitable air aeration.

In large infrastructures such as dams, which have a relatively high economic value, ensuring the proper operation of the associated hydraulic facilities in different operating conditions is of utmost importance. To ensure the correct and successful operation of the dam's hydraulic equipment and prevent possible damages, including gates and downstream tunnel, to build laboratory models and perform some tests are essential (the advancement of the smart sensors based on artificial intelligence is essential). One of the causes of damage to dam bottom outlets is cavitation in downstream and between the gates, which can impact on dam facilities, and air aeration can be a solution to improve it. In the present study, six dams in different provinces in Iran has been chosen to evaluate the air entrainment in the downstream tunnel experimentally. Three artificial neural networks (ANN) based machine learning (ML) algorithms are used to model and predict the air aeration in the bottom outlet. The proposed models are trained with genetic algorithms (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), i.e., ANN-GA, ANN-PSO, and ANFIS-PSO. Two hydrodynamic variables, namely volume rate and opening percentage of the gate, are used as inputs into all bottom outlet models. The results showed that the most optimal model is ANFIS-PSO to predict the dependent value compared with ANN-GA and ANN-PSO. The importance of the volume rate and opening percentage of the dams' gate parameters is more effective for suitable air aeration.

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