Whether honeybees utilize oilseed rape, and thus come into contact with 10 neonicotinoid pesticides, has been questioned in the UK. Here we report the 11 melissopalynology of honey samples taken from hives in the northeast of the UK 12 from 2014-2015. The results show that Brassica pollen is predominant in honey 13 extractions from June, following the mass bloom of oilseed rape. Honey extractions 14 from July and September show more diverse sources of nectar from entomophilous 15 crops, weeds and garden plants. Our results clearly show that honeybees will 16 extensively utilise oilseed rape mass blooms in Spring and any change in the current 17European Union moratorium on neonicotinoids should be carefully considered. We 18 also confirm the importance of gardens (when planted with "bee friendly flowers") in 19 sustaining pollinators within suburban to rural environments. 20 21