Highlights d Activity of vLGN axons in the mSC reflects the previous experience of threat d The vLGN bidirectionally controls escape from visual threat d Activating the vLGN specifically reduces the activity of visual units in mSC d Activating vLGN axons in the mSC specifically suppresses escape from visual threat

No abstract

It has been reported that intramuscular injection of an Adeno-associated viral vector serotype 1 (AAV1) encoding Neurotrophin-3 (NT3) into hindlimb muscles 24 hours after a severe T9 contusion in rats induced lumbar spinal neuroplasticity, partially restored locomotive function and reduced spasms during swimming. Here we investigated whether a targeted delivery of NT3 to lumbar and thoracic motor neurons 48 hours following a severe contusive injury aids locomotive recovery in rats. AAV1-NT3 was injected into the tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius and rectus abdominus muscles 48-hours following trauma, persistently elevating serum levels of the neurotrophin. NT3 improved trunk stability, accuracy of stepping during skilled locomotive tasks, and alternation of the hindlimbs during swimming, but it had no effect on gross locomotion function in the open field. The number of vGlut1+ (likely proprioceptive afferent) boutons on gastrocnemius α-motor neurons was increased after injury but normalised following NT3 treatment suggestive of a mechanism in which the functional effects may be mediated through proprioceptive feedback. Ex vivo MRI revealed substantial loss of grey and white matter at the lesion epicentre but no effect of delayed NT3 treatment to induce neuroprotection or prevent secondary damage. Spasms and hyperreflexia were not reliably induced in this severe injury model suggesting a more complex anatomical or physiological cause to their induction. We have shown that delayed intramuscular AAV-NT3 treatment can promote recovery in skilled stepping and coordinated swimming supporting a role for NT3 as a therapeutic strategy for spinal injuries potentially through modulation of somatosensory feedback.