Water quality information is essential supporting decision making in water management processes. The lack of information restricts, at some point, the implementation of adequate sanitation, which is still scarce in developing countries. In this study, an ecosystemic water quality assessment was conducted in the Virilla river in Costa Rica, in a section of particular interest for future sanitation development. It included the monitoring of physical, chemical, microbiological and benthic macroinvertebrate parameters from 2014 to 2016. Mutivariate statistics and water quality indexes were used for data interpretation. Results indicated that water quality decreased downstream towards more urbanised areas. Particularly, extreme values of phosphorous, nitrogen and E. coli were found. Sample sites were grouped in two clusters, which were consistent with land use. Benthic macroinverterbrates diversity was predominantly represented by Baetidae, Chironomidae, Leptohyphidae, Hydropsychidae, Simuliidae and Physidae. They were mostly influenced by water temperature, nitrite, ammonium, soluble reactive phosphorous, total solids, alkalinity, nitrate and total suspended solids. Three water quality indexes consistently showed the poor condition of the water body. The overall results indicate that the main sources of pollution in the river are likely to be wastewater discharges. Thus, special efforts should be undertaken regarding its regulation in the country.

The linkage between precipitation and recharge is still poorly understood in the Central America region. This study focuses on stable isotopic composition in precipitation and groundwater in the northern mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. During the dry season, rainfall samples corresponded to enriched events with high deuterium excess. By mid-May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone poses over Costa Rica resulting in a depletion of O/O and H/H ratios. A parsimonious four-variable regression model (r= 0.52) was able to predict daily δO in precipitation. Air mass back trajectories indicated a combination of Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean sources, which is clearly depicted in groundwater isoscape. Aquifers relying on Pacific-originated recharge exhibited a more depleted pattern, whereas recharge areas relying on Caribbean parental moisture showed an enrichment trend. These results can be used to enhance modelling efforts in Central America where scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans.

Los cambios producidos por actividades humanas sobre los ecosistemas acuáticos reducen y reconfiguran los hábitats disponibles. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la selección de hábitat de la nutria neotropical (Lontra longicaudis), en zonas con influencia de la represa hidroeléctrica del río Peñas Blancas y algunos de sus tributarios, con el fin de recomendar acciones para la conservación de la nutria. Se muestreó el río Peñas Blancas y tres de sus tributarios en busca de indicios de la nutria y la medición de siete variables ambientales con el fin determinar la probabilidad de ocurrencia y detectabilidad. Además, se determinó el uso de presas por parte de la nutria neotropical. Las variables ambientales mostraron que el ancho del río y la proporción de bosque fueron las variables más influyentes en la ocurrencia de la especie. El caudal de compensación del río Peñas Blancas mostró la probabilidad de ocurrencia más alta. En cuanto a la dieta de la nutria, los peces fueron la categoría de presa más frecuente en los últimos años. Los datos obtenidos indican la influencia de condiciones físicas del río sobre la ocurrencia de la nutria y la importancia de los peces como componente alimenticio.

The volcanic Barva and Colima multiaquifer system is crucial for the drinking water supply of about 1.7 million people, about 30% of the population in Costa Rica. The complexity of this system and the simultaneous occurrence of anthropogenic and natural processes complicate the understanding of hydrochemical and hydrogeological dynamics, both essential for groundwater protection. This research aimed to develop a model for the discrimination of groundwaters according to the main withdrawn aquifer and flow path, assess interaquifer connections, and evaluate the main hydrochemical processes governing water quality. Samples (571) from 38 sampling sites, collected quarterly from 2016 to 2020, were analyzed for nitrate, major ions, and silica. Principal component analysis and discriminant analysis exhibited and validated sample grouping according to the primary aquifer system captured, i.e., Upper Barva, Lower Barva, Upper Colima, and Lower Colima, and the occurrence of two flow paths within the Lower Barva and Upper Colima aquifers. Hydrochemical and statistical analyses showed resilience to seasonal chemical variation in deeper aquifers and also three groundwater mixing processes. Lower Barva groundwater enriches in bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and silica, mainly due to weathering of mafic andesitic-basaltic lavas. The Upper and Lower Colima showed higher silica and major ion content, except for calcium, indicating longer residence times, dissolution from felsic andesitic minerals, and calcium adsorption by normal ion exchange. Weathering of aluminosilicates is the primary process governing groundwater quality in the four studied aquifers, whereas cation exchange, interaquifer leakage, and anthropogenic processes might modify the groundwater chemistry.

En las últimas dos décadas, el Pacífico Central de Costa Rica experimentó un fuerte aumento en el desarrollo urbanístico y turístico, lo que representa una mayor amenaza a la calidad del agua subterránea. El objetivo de este estudio fue el generar una propuesta del Mapa de Vulnerabilidad Hidrogeológica de los acuíferos de Jacó, utilizando la metodología GOD. Para esto, se elaboraron perfiles geológicos y se realizó comprobación de campo. Se evidencia que el área de estudio está conformada por a) un acuífero costero detrítico, poroso y libre, albergado en la planicie aluvial de Jacó y, b) un acuífero fracturado en las rocas basálticas del Complejo de Nicoya, libre en la zona montañosa y subyaciendo la formación detrítica en la zona central, donde el agua subterránea se integra a la del acuífero detrítico, conformándose en un mismo acuífero.  La zona del acuífero aluvial obtuvo una vulnerabilidad moderada, en tanto que el fracturado una vulnerabilidad baja. Se propusieron recomendaciones de manejo.