Many of us “see red,” “feel blue,” or “turn green with envy.” Are such color-emotion associations fundamental to our shared cognitive architecture, or are they cultural creations learned through our languages and traditions? To answer these questions, we tested emotional associations of colors in 4,598 participants from 30 nations speaking 22 native languages. Participants associated 20 emotion concepts with 12 color terms. Pattern-similarity analyses revealed universal color-emotion associations (average similarity coefficient r = .88). However, local differences were also apparent. A machine-learning algorithm revealed that nation predicted color-emotion associations above and beyond those observed universally. Similarity was greater when nations were linguistically or geographically close. This study highlights robust universal color-emotion associations, further modulated by linguistic and geographic factors. These results pose further theoretical and empirical questions about the affective properties of color and may inform practice in applied domains, such as well-being and design.

Hebrew), and Sólveig Þorsteinsdóttir (Icelandic). Finally, we would like to thank all the participants.

Peer harassment is a major social problem affecting children and adolescents internationally. Much research has focused on student-to-student harassment from either an individual or a multilevel perspective. There is a paucity of multilevel research on students' relationships with the classroom teacher. The purpose of this study was to use a socioecological perspective to examine the relationships between individual student-level characteristics, problematic teacher-student relationships, and student-reported peer harassment. A total of 1,864 children (50.7% female) aged 8 to 13 years (M = 9.82, SD = 1.24), nested in 27 schools (58.2% public) in Spain, participated in the study. Ninety-four homeroom teachers reported on teacher-student relationships, and students completed self-report measures related to peer harassment and teacher-student relationships. Multilevel models showed that relationships between students and teachers exerted a varying degree of influence on classroom levels of peer harassment. Specifically, student-reported teacher support was associated with diminished student-reported peer victimization, whereas direct and indirect student-reported teacher-to-student aggression was associated with increased peer victimization. Additionally, student-reported student-to-teacher aggression and teacher-to-student aggression were associated with increased student-reported peer aggression. Teacher-reported variables at the classroom level, however, contributed little to student-reported outcomes. Results are discussed in the context of future research on relationships between teachers and students. C 2015

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