SummaryLeishmania infantum is endemic in the Maltese archipelago, a group of islands in the Mediterranean which are visited frequently by tourists from Northern European countries. The burden of leishmaniasis is highest in children who may present with cutaneous or visceral manifestations. We describe systematically the manifestations, diagnosis and management of leishmaniasis in children <14 years of age, who had a histopathological diagnosis of leishmaniasis in Malta, from 2004 to 2008. Eleven children were diagnosed with leishmaniasis; 8 children (15–44 months of age) had visceral disease and three (aged 9–13 years) suffered cutaneous infections. Prolonged high grade fever, pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia were common presenting features of visceralisation. Diagnosis was based on the visualisation of amastigotes from bone marrow aspirates. Pentavalent antimonials were associated with treatment failure in two children, whilst liposomal amphotericin B was curative in all. Children with cutaneous leishmaniasis had dry crusted ulcero-nodular lesions on exposed areas which responded to intra-lesional instillation of sodium stibogluconate or to cryotherapy. Leishmaniasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever and hepatosplenomegaly or chronic cutaneous lesions in children who travel to Malta.
vs. weakly related elements of an ad. The coherence of advertisement was established using the affinity index methodology. The results showed that, when they are in a good control condition, consumers perceive particular elements of the advertisement as more coherent when those elements are strongly rather than weakly related. However, in the lack of control conditions, the reverse was true: consumers perceive particular elements of an advertisement as more coherent when the elements are weakly related rather than strongly related. This is in line with control motivation and compensatory mechanisms theories.
Celem badania było ustalenie struktury skojarzeniowej marki Społem oraz określenie emocji, sympatii i nastawienia do marki w odniesieniu do osób w wieku 18-36 lat (N = 259) i powyżej 45 lat (N = 188). Założenia teoretyczne opierają się na sieciowych modelach umysłu i emocji. Wyniki pokazały, że osoby, które były dorosłe przed 1989 r., darzą markę Społem większą sympatią i oceniają ją jako bardziej atrakcyjną niż osoby należące do młodszej grupy wiekowej. Sprawdzono, jakie określenia charakteryzujące markę Społem wpływają na sympatię do marki, na emocje i wzrost atrakcyjności w opiniach osób badanych. Przeprowadzone analizy pozwoliły stwierdzić, że marka Społem jest dobrze rozpoznawalna, o czym świadczą skojarzenia odnoszące się do jej postrzegania. Wystąpiły różnice w ocenie wizerunku marki między grupami wiekowymi. Osoby należące do starszej grupy wiekowej oceniają markę w wy-miarze uczuć, natomiast osoby młodsze-w wymiarze postrzegania marki ze względu na korzyści.
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