complications of diabetes and treatment satisfaction. Following the procedure for a systematic review this paper may contribute to a balanced evaluation of the need and effectiveness of IIPs. A pre-specified, registered protocol (CRD42012002150) was followed. Studies investigating all diabetes populations and types of IIPs were considered eligible. The sensitive search strategy was developed in collaboration with a clinical librarian and contents experts. PUBMED, MEDLINE, CENTRAL EMBASE, trial registries, and other databases were searched. References were screened independently by two authors, and decisions on study selection were recorded. Of the 1,703 references screened, 362 were assessed as potentially eligible. Ninety-four were identified as studies using IIPs. Fifteen papers, together reporting on four-randomized trials, and eight cohorts were included. Narrative analysis is provided, and data tables are available. CIPII by way of IIPs is effective in lowering HbA1c levels and reducing hypoglycaemic events. Superiority of IIP treatment is likely related to patient characteristics, one subgroup being patients unable to acquire satisfactory glycaemic control with subcutaneous insulin treatment. Higher treatment satisfaction was also reported for this subgroup. For these patients, risk of morbidity may be considered acceptable. Patients' perspectives, influence on quality of life, and possible other outcomes should also be considered important factors in weighing individual benefits and risks. A more uniform method of reporting would help strengthen the evidence base.

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Objectives The impact of deployment and combat on mental health of military personnel is well described. Less evidence is available to demonstrate and summarize the incidence, prevalence, and risks of these exposures on physical health. This study aims to (1) systematically review the available literature to determine the incidence and prevalence of physical health conditions among military personnel during and after deployment and (2) investigate the risks of deployment and combat exposure on physical health. Methods A systematic review using the PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed. The literature search was limited to articles written in English, published from 2000 through 2019. The quality of studies was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal Checklist. The results were grouped per system or condition of physical health and presented by forest plots without a combined effect size estimate. Results Thirty-two studies were found eligible for this review. We identified a wide variety of incidence and prevalence rates of numerous physical health conditions and a high heterogeneity across the included studies. Acute respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, musculoskeletal injuries, pain, and tinnitus were found to be the most incident or prevalent conditions. Except for hearing loss, no associations with deployment and physical health problems were observed. An increased risk for asthma, headache, hearing loss, and pain was reported in relation to the combat exposure. Conclusion Given the characteristics of included studies and extracted data, the magnitude of the found differences in incidence and prevalence rates is most likely to be due to methodological heterogeneity. The specific exposures (e.g., infrastructure, environmental conditions, and activities during deployment) are suggested to be the determinants of (post) deployment physical health problems and need to be addressed to decrease the impact of deployment. Findings from this systematic review highlight which conditions should be addressed in response to service members’ health and wellness needs in the (post)deployment phase and may be used by clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers. However, knowledge gaps regarding the potential risk factors during deployment and combat still exist. Studies using consistent methods to define and measure the physical health conditions and specific exposures are needed.