-We studied 386 cases of spinal cord injury to analyze the follow up of the patients admitted most of the time more than four hours, the majority of the injuries happening far from the attending health service and first specialized care received long after the accident. This is a clinical study based on data collected during hospitalization of the patients, operated or not, in a Brazilian public health service. The lesion mainly seen was fracture and dislocation, isolated or on multiple levels, and the most important clinical complications were due to respiratory failure and hypotension, especially because 73.8% were from outside and they were admitted more then four hours after the trauma. The mortality rate was 11.9%, but just 2.1% had undergone a surgery. The complications resulted in major risk of death when the trauma was at the cervical level and the patients were over 50 years old, especially when admitted more than four hours after the trauma. We emphasize the importance of the first health care concerning the clinical treatment, aiming to reduce the mortality rate.KEY WORDS: spinal cord injury, trauma, spine. Trauma raquimedular: estudo epidemiológico de 386 casos com ênfase para aqueles pacientes admitidos após quatro horas do traumaResumo -Estudamos 386 casos de trauma raquimedular, observando a evolução dos pacientes admitidos na maioria das vezes após quatro horas do trauma, a maioria procedente de lugar distante do serviço de saúde. Trata-se de um estudo clínico baseado em dados coletados durante a hospitalização, de pacientes operados ou não, em serviço de saúde pública no Brasil. Na maioria das vezes a lesão principal foi fratura-luxação, isolada ou em múltiplos níveis, e as complicações clínicas mais importantes foram devido à insuficiência respiratória e hipotensão, especialmente porque 73.8% dos casos eram de lugares distantes, tendo sido admitidos mais de quatro horas após o trauma. A taxa de mortalidade foi 11,9%, sendo 2,1% em pós-operatório. As complicações resultaram em maior risco de morte quando o trauma foi ao nível cervical, idade acima de 50 anos, especialmente aqueles admitidos com mais de quatro horas. Enfatizamos a importância do primeiro atendimento na admissão, sobretudo para as alterações respiratórias e hemodinâmicas, objetivando reduzir a mortalidade. The traumatic spinal cord lesion is an extremely serious condition that affects mainly the young adult population and it often results in death or disabilities 1,2 . It is considered as an unexpected and catastrophic event, whose consequences persist throughout the patient's life, with influences on the relatives' lives and those of the members of society 3 . Acute traumatic spinal cord injury results in a critical loss of neurological function below the level of the injury and adversely affects multiple systems within the body, especially the respiratory system. In many countries, spinal cord injury happens at an annual rate from 20 to 40 individuals per million 4 . North America has PALAVRAS-CHAVE
A retrospective chart review was performed on patients diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis in Ceará State, Brazil and who were followed from October 1981 to June 2009. Clinical and epidemiologic aspects were evaluated. In this work, 122 patients were studied, of whom 85 (69.7%) were females and 37 (30.3%) were males. The disease duration ranged from five months to 50 years (8.9±8.1 years). Age at the first symptoms varied from 0 to 74 years (31.9±14.4 years). The first main symptoms and signs were ptosis, diplopia and limb weakness. Generalized myasthenia was the most common clinical presentation, but 5.1% (n=6) persisted as ocular myasthenia. Thymectomy was performed in 42.6% (n=52) of myasthenic patients. A thymoma was present in 10 patients. Serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies were present in 80% (n=20) of specimens tested. The data presented are similar to those of studies performed in other countries. Key words: myasthenia gravis, clinical evaluation, epidemiology.Miastenia gravis no Ceará, Brasil: aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos RESUMO Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, os prontuários de pacientes miastênicos, diagnosticados e seguidos entre outubro de 1981 e junho de 2009 no Estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foram coletados dados clínicos e epidemiológicos. Na casuística foram estudados 122 pacientes: 85 (69,7%) do sexo feminino e 37 (30,3%) do sexo masculino. O tempo de doença variou de 5 meses a 50 anos (8,9±8,1 anos). A idade de inicio da doença variou de 0 a 74 anos (31,9±14,4 anos). Na amostra estudada, os primeiros sintomas foram principalmente ptose, diplopia e fraqueza dos membros. A maioria dos pacientes apresentou a forma generalizada, enquanto 5,1% (n= 6) persistiram com miastenia ocular. Timectomia foi realizada em 42,6% (n=52) dos pacientes. Timoma estava presente em 10 pacientes. Anticorpo anti-receptor de acetilcolina foi positivo em 80% (n=20) das amostras testadas. Os aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos da amostra estudada têm semelhança com aqueles estudados em outros países.
Microcephaly (MC), previously considered rare, is now a health emergency of international concern because of the devastating Zika virus pandemic outbreak of 2015. The authors describe the electroencephalogram (EEG) findings in sleep EEG of epileptic children who were born with microcephaly in areas of Brazil with active Zika virus transmission between 2014 and 2017. The authors reviewed EEGs from 23 children. Nine were females (39.2%), and the age distribution varied from 4 to 48 months. MC was associated with mother positive serology to toxoplasmosis (toxo), rubella (rub), herpes, and dengue (1 case); toxo (1 case); chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (1 case); syphilis (1 case); and Zika virus (ZIKV) (10 cases). In addition, 1 case was associated with perinatal hypoxia and causes of 9 cases remain unknown. The main background EEG abnormality was diffuse slowing (10 cases), followed by classic (3 cases) and modified (5 cases) hypsarrhythmia. A distinct EEG pattern was seen in ZIKV (5 cases), toxo (2 cases), and undetermined cause (1 case). It was characterized by runs of frontocentrotemporal 4.5-13 Hz activity (7 cases) or diffuse and bilateral runs of 18-24 Hz (1 case). In ZIKV, this rhythmic activity was associated with hypsarrhythmia or slow background. Further studies are necessary to determine if this association is suggestive of ZIKV infection. The authors believe that EEG should be included in the investigation of all newly diagnosed congenital MC, especially those occurring in areas of autochthonous transmission of ZIKV.
RESUMO -Schwanomas, neurinomas ou neurilemomas são tumores benignos de nervos periféricos. Podem ocorrer em associação com a neurofibromatose tipo 2. Relatamos dois casos de tumor cervical originado em plexo braquial sem associação com neurofibromatose. Uma mulher, de 31 anos apresentando uma tumefação em região supraclavicular direita, dor irradiada para o membro ipsilateral e sinal de Tinel à percussão da região. Outra mulher, 52 anos, com cervicobraquialgia persistente à direita há um ano. Ambas foram submetidas a microcirurgia, com ressecção total da lesão. O estudo histopatológico foi compatível com schwanoma. As duas pacientes tiveram boa evolução neurológica, com desaparecimento dos sinais e sintomas.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: schwanoma, neurinoma, neurilemoma, plexo braquial. Schwannoma of brachial plexus: report of two casesABSTRACT -Schwannomas, neurinomas or neurilemmomas are benign peripheral nerve tumors. The literature report some cases associated with neurofibromatosis 2. We report two cases of cervical schwannoma originating from the brachial plexus unassociated with neurofibromatosis. A 31-year-old woman presented with a mass in the right supraclavicular region, irradiating pain and distal tingling to percussion (Tinel's sign) for 6 months. And a 52-year-old woman presented with pain in the cervical region and right arm for one year. Both the patients underwent to a microsurgery with total resection of the lesion. Histology of the surgical specimen confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. Postoperatively, the patients had a good recovery.KEY WORDS: schwannoma, neurinoma, neurilemmoma, brachial plexus. Schwanomas, neurinomas, ou neurilemomas são tumores benignos do sistema nervoso periférico, que se originam da proliferação da célula de Schwann [1][2][3][4][5] . Estas células circundam os neurônios e são responsáveis pela bainha de mielina e pelo neurilema 1 . A neurofibromatose tipo 2 é doença autossômica dominante caracterizada por lesões neoplásicas e displásicas das células de Schwann (schwanomas e schwanosis), células meníngeas (meningiomas e meningioangiomatosis) e células gliais (gliomas e microhamartomas gliais) 6 . Em geral, os schwanomas são tipicamente solitários, ovóides ou fusiformes, bem encapsulados e localizados ao longo dos nervos periféricos ou cercados por eles, cranianos ou simpáticos 4,5,7 . Além disso, têm crescimento lento, geralmente não são invasivos, não malignizam e são passíveis de cura por abordagem cirúrgica 1,4 . Podem estar associados à neurofibromatose 8 . Raramente os schwanomas podem se apresentar como tumores malignos; quando desta natureza, se localizam preferencialmente na região da cabeça e pescoço, sem invasão intracraniana 9 . Schwanomas de plexo braquial são raros 2-12 , principalmente quando primários, únicos, benignos e sem associação com a neurofibromatose tipo 2 22,11,12 . A clínica mais comumente observada é tumefação na região supraclavicular [2][3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12] , podendo existir ou não sinal de Tinel ou outras evidências
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