El tema de esta investigación fue escogido como tesis para ser presentado próximamente en la Universidad de Londres, a fin de optar al titulo de doctor en Historia.

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Two decades after the abolition of slavery, fear-inducing stereotypes of black men emerged in the U.S. South and Cuba that had not been pervasive before emancipation or in its immediate aftermath. Simultaneously, white antiblack violence reached unprecedented levels with the lynching of more than twentyfive hundred blacks in the U.S. South between 1884 and 1930, and the massacre of several thousand blacks in Cuba in 1912. 1 Yet beyond this common trajectory toward racial stereotyping and violence, important differences existed in the ideas of these two former slave societies about the place blacks should occupy in freedom, the kinds of images that were applied to them, and the nature of the violence exercised against them. The first part of this article analyzes and compares the different images of otherness that emerged in the South after Reconstruction and in Cuba after independence. These images exemplified and shaped the power relationship between dominant and dominated. Expressed in a racial and gendered form, these stereotypes asserted white males' domination. 2 They presented the dominated blacks as fearful "others," thus helping to establish a social hierarchy and boundaries of inclusion and exclusion. Racial images also fueled the dominant group's violence, which was used to further teach blacks their "true place" in society. 3 In the South and Cuba, the fearsome image of the black rapist targeted the entire black population, and was the most likely stereotype to ignite racial violence: examples include the lynchings by white mobs in the South throughout this period, and the 1912 massacre of Cuban blacks by the army and white posses. Apart from the 1912 massacre, however, the prevailing image of otherness in Cuba from the 1900s to the 1930s was that of the black male witch (brujo)-an image which only targeted a portion of the population of African descent, and prompted repression rather than mob violence. 4 The article goes on 576

This article examines the tensions between the Gran Colombian republican constitution of 1821 and Simón Bolívar's fear of a mulatto takeover. It focuses on Cartagena in the 1820s, where the mulatto general José Padilla challenged the socio-racial hierarchy and accepted notions of equality of the city, heading a threeday coup in 1828 against Bolívar's attempt to impose a new authoritarian constitution. Padilla failed to rally the mostly African-derived population of Cartagena behind the republican views of Francisco de Paula Santander and was promptly executed. Using the protagonists' correspondence, manifestos, criminal investigations, consular reports and censuses, the article analyses the factors in the city's demography, political leadership and culture, and in the composition of its military forces, that explain Padilla's failure. It highlights the role played by race and by Bolívar's views of mulattos in the process.

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